scholarly journals Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Infection in Cisgender and Transgender Women in the U.S.: A Narrative Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleta Baldwin ◽  
Brenda Light ◽  
Waridibo E. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The U.S

AbstractUsing a socioecological approach, this review describes the peer-reviewed literature on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among both cisgender (cis women) and transgender women (trans women) in the U.S. A search of the PubMed database and HIV-related conference abstracts generated over 2,200 articles and abstracts. Of these, 103 fulfilled review inclusion criteria. Most of the existing research presents findings on individual-level factors associated with PrEP use such as willingness and perceived barriers. There was far less investigation of factors related to PrEP at more distal ecological levels. Though trans women are at greater risk of HIV infection than cisgender women, less is known about this population group with respect to PrEP despite their inclusion in many major clinical trials. Further, the literature is characterized by a persistent conflation of sex and gender which makes it difficult to accurately assess the reviewed research on HIV prevention and PrEP apart from risk group. Informed by these findings, we highlight specific opportunities to improve access to PrEP and reduce socioecological barriers to PrEP care engagement for cisgender and transgender women.

Influence of Listener Characteristics on Perceptions of Sex and Gender

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne B. Hancock ◽  
Sara F. Pool
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
Speech Treatment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Display

Inclusion of sex-atypical voices in speech perception protocols can reveal variations in listener perception and is particularly applicable in developing guidelines for transgender speech treatment. Ninety-three listeners, divided into four groups based on sex and sexual orientation, provided auditory-perceptual measures of sex and gender display for 21 cisgender men, 21 cisgender women, and 22 transgender women. There was no significant evidence that those listener characteristics were influential, except transgender women were perceived as significantly more feminine by nonstraight compared with straight listeners.

The Culture Wars of Faith, Sex, and Gender

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mugambi Jouet
Keyword(s):  
Culture Wars ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Sexual Education ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
The Bible ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The U.S

In virtually no other developed country are issues like abortion, contraception, homosexuality, and sexual education as controversial as in America. People in almost all other Western nations tend to share the liberal-moderate view of these questions. Few share the Christian fundamentalist position that represents a major side of America’s culture wars. Even though the vast majority of Americans are devout Christians, religion ironically divides them far more than Europeans. America is exceptionally polarized by rival understandings of faith, secularism, family values, gender roles, and sexuality. According to conventional wisdom, religious polarization in America reflects a clash between believers and non-believers. In reality, the divide is mainly among people of faith, as atheists or agnostics remain a limited proportion of the U.S. population. While nearly three-quarters of Americans identify as Christian, their churches are often at odds on basic issues like whether the Bible should be interpreted literally. The chapter particularly analyzes the ultra-traditionalist values prevalent in conservative America and demonstrates how unusual they are in the developed world.

scholarly journals Sex and Gender Equality Law and Policy: A Response to Murray, Hunter Blackburn and Mackenzie

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Sharon Cowan ◽  
Harry Josephine Giles ◽  
Rebecca Hewer ◽  
Becky Kaufmann ◽  
Meryl Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Policy Shifts ◽  
Status Of Women

This article is a response to ‘Losing Sight of Women's Rights: The Unregulated Introduction of Gender Self-Identification as a Case Study of Policy Capture in Scotland’ by Kath Murray, Lucy Hunter Blackburn and Lisa MacKenzie, published in Scottish Affairs 28(3). Murray et al. sought to explore the legal status of women, particularly with regard to discrimination legislation, and concluded that the interests of trans women had begun to systematically erode the interests of non-trans women in Scotland. In this response, we aim to correct some of the erroneous statements made by Murray et al. about legal definitions of sex and gender, and about discrimination law. In critically engaging with Murray et al..’s argument we aim to build a much-needed clearer understanding of law and policy on sex and gender in Scotland, particularly as it relates to the application of the Equality Act 2010. We argue that, in that claiming that there has been policy capture in Scotland, Murray et al.. have neglected to contextualise ongoing debates about sex and gender in law against the backdrop of over two decades of clear legal and policy shifts across the UK. We call for researchers and others – in Scotland and elsewhere – to take care, particularly in interpreting and applying the law, especially as it applies to marginalised minority populations, so that we do not further obfuscate or mislead on important legal and social issues.

scholarly journals Gender Equality and Gender Difference in Team ­Coverage – Lessons From the Ice Hockey Rink

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
National Team ◽  
And Gender

Covering all female sports teams poses particular challenges. Since the Title IX established in the U.S. in 1972 ensuring that men and women have equitable participation opportunities, as well as access to scholarships in sport programs, and since UNESCO recognized sports and physical activity as a human right in 1978, the world and the global sports communities have come a long way in pursuing gender equality in sports. However, gender equality in sports does not mean that gender differences shouldn’t be researched or considered while developing training plans and programs, and in the prevention and treatment of disease and injury. Indeed, there is undeniably plenty of scientific evidence that sex and gender differences play a major role when it comes to disease risks and symptoms, injury patterns and frequency, and also in regards to response to treatments. The covering medical professional needs to appreciate these facts and include them into his decision making process. Based on experience as a team doctor for female athletes on the national team, I propose three levels that must be considered when addressing gender and sex differences in team coverage, namely 1) the psychosocial level, 2) the epidemiological level, and 3) the individual level concerning the female body.

scholarly journals Circulus vitiosus of the sex/gender dichotomy: Feminist polemics with trans activism

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-670
Author(s):  
Ana Vuković
Keyword(s):  
Women's Rights ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Feminist Literature ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Trans Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Circulus Vitiosus

The paper deals with the analysis of feminists' arguments about the sex/gender dichotomy within the relationship to trans activism. In the first part of the paper, we will give the usual definitions of sex and gender in feminist literature and the views of feminists on trans activism. Next, we will explain which trans activists' views feminists disagree with, and how language is used for ideological purposes. The aim of this paper is to identify the basic dilemmas and bioengineering associated with the underestimation of biological sex, that is, with the opinion of trans activists that men who are trans women are also women. The author will explain why feminists believe that this approach to the sex/ gender dichotomy is a threat to women's rights in the society.

scholarly journals The cost-effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women at high risk of HIV infection in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. e25096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M Luz ◽  
Benjamin Osher ◽  
Beatriz Grinsztejn ◽  
Rachel L Maclean ◽  
Elena Losina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Cost

Sleep Among Older Adults

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-166
Author(s):  
Katie L. Stone, PhD ◽  
Vicki Li
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Life Transitions ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Social Environmental Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences ◽  
The U.S

As Americans live longer, growth in the number of older adults is unprecedented. In 2014, 14.5% (46.3 million) of the U.S. population was aged 65 or older, and this is projected to reach 23.5% (98 million) by 2060. This chapter focuses on sleep among older adults, defined as at least 65 years old, and includes a discussion on sleep and retirement. The chapter especially discusses variation of sleep and sleep disorders in this age group and associations with frailty and disease and provides a social determinants perspective. Social/environmental factors that impact sleep in older adults include the impact of retirement, caregiving, institutionalization, and other key life transitions. Important sex and gender differences among older adults are also discussed.

scholarly journals Unbearable Lessons: Contesting Fat Phobia in Physical Education

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Sykes ◽  
Deborah McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Queer Theory ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Feminist Poststructuralism ◽  
Fat Phobia ◽  
Fat Bodies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The U.S

In this article we examine how fat-phobic discourses in physical education both constitute, and are continually negotiated by, “fat” and “overweight” students. This claim is based on qualitative interviews about memories of physical education with 15 adults in Canada and the U.S. who identified as fat or overweight at some time during their lives. The research draws from feminist poststructuralism, queer theory, and feminist fat theory to examine how students negotiate fat subjectivities in fat-phobic educational contexts. The interviews reveal how fat phobia in physical education is oppressive and makes it extremely difficult for most students to develop positive fat subjectivities in physical education; how weighing and measuring practices work to humiliate and discipline fat bodies; and how fat phobia reinforces normalizing constructions of sex and gender. The interviews also illustrate how some students resisted fat phobia in physical education by avoiding, and sometimes excelling in, particular physical activities. Finally, interviewees talk about the importance of having access to fat-positive fitness spaces as adults and suggest ways to improve the teaching of physical education.

scholarly journals Sex Matters: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Sex- and Gender-Related Neuroanatomical Differences in Cis- and Transgender Individuals Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1345-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Baldinger-Melich ◽  
Maria F Urquijo Castro ◽  
René Seiger ◽  
Anne Ruef ◽  
Dominic B Dwyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Multivariate Pattern Analysis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

Abstract Univariate analyses of structural neuroimaging data have produced heterogeneous results regarding anatomical sex- and gender-related differences. The current study aimed at delineating and cross-validating brain volumetric surrogates of sex and gender by comparing the structural magnetic resonance imaging data of cis- and transgender subjects using multivariate pattern analysis. Gray matter (GM) tissue maps of 29 transgender men, 23 transgender women, 35 cisgender women, and 34 cisgender men were created using voxel-based morphometry and analyzed using support vector classification. Generalizability of the models was estimated using repeated nested cross-validation. For external validation, significant models were applied to hormone-treated transgender subjects (n = 32) and individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 27). Sex was identified with a balanced accuracy (BAC) of 82.6% (false discovery rate [pFDR] < 0.001) in cisgender, but only with 67.5% (pFDR = 0.04) in transgender participants indicating differences in the neuroanatomical patterns associated with sex in transgender despite the major effect of sex on GM volume irrespective of the self-identification as a woman or man. Gender identity and gender incongruence could not be reliably identified (all pFDR > 0.05). The neuroanatomical signature of sex in cisgender did not interact with depressive features (BAC = 74.7%) but was affected by hormone therapy when applied in transgender women (P < 0.001).

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