Electrical coupling is a common means of cell-to-cell communication in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues (Lowenstein, 1985). Within the nervous system, many electrically coupled neurones exhibit dye coupling (Bennett, 1973; Stewart, 1978; Glantz and Kirk, 1980; Spencer and Satterlie, 1980; Fraser and Heitler, 1993); however, some electrically coupled cells do not dye-couple (Audesirk et al. 1982; Murphy et al. 1983; Berdan, 1987; Robinson et al. 1993; Veenstra et al. 1993). Electrical coupling and dye coupling, often considered in parallel, are in fact two different parameters that can vary independently (e.g. Audesirk et al. 1982; Perez-Armendariz et al. 1991). The giant identified neurones of pulmonate and opisthobranch molluscs have frequently been used for studies of neuronal communication and its plasticity (Winlow and McCrohan, 1987; Bulloch, 1989). In the present study, we explored the relationship between electrical and tracer coupling in both strongly and weakly coupled pairs of molluscan neurones. Specifically, we examined electrically coupled, identified neurones in a freshwater pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L., and tested for tracer coupling with Lucifer Yellow CH and biocytin. The cells examined were the strongly electrically coupled neurones, visceral dorsal 1 (VD1) and right parietal dorsal 2 (RPD2) (Boer et al. 1979; Benjamin and Pilkington, 1986), and the weakly coupled neurones, left buccal 1 (LB1) and right buccal 1 (RB1) (Benjamin and Rose, 1979). The use of these particular neurones made it possible to compare electrical coupling with tracer coupling in the molluscan central nervous system (CNS). All experiments were performed on laboratory-bred Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca, Pulmonata), maintained as previously described (Ridgway et al. 1991). The CNS was dissected from mature animals (16­18 mm shell length) and pinned to the silicone rubber (RTV 616 GE) base of a recording dish in normal saline (51.3 mmol l-1 NaCl, 1.7 mmol l-1 KCl, 4.1 mmol l-1 CaCl2, 1.5 mmol l-1 MgCl2 and 5 mmol l-1 Hepes, pH 7.9). Following removal of the outer connective tissue sheath, a small Pronase crystal (Sigma, type XIV, P-5147), held by forceps, was carefully applied to specific ganglia; this treatment softened the inner sheath and facilitated microelectrode penetration. The CNS was then rinsed several times at 5 °C in normal saline.
A survey of miRNAs involved in biomineralization and shell repair in the freshwater gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis
