scholarly journals The influence of simultaneous operation of plumbing appliances on water consumption and conservation inside residential buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa-Eldin M. Abd-Elaal
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Simultaneous Operation

Water consumption in public schools for the city of Bologna, Italy

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Farina ◽  
Marco Maglionico ◽  
Marco Pollastri ◽  
Irena Stojkov
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Secondary School Student ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
The City

For most buildings considered to be of a public non-residential type there are insufficient published data to establish and compare the theoretical standards with actual consumption data. Therefore, water consumption per user in non-residential buildings is still a very complicated issue for engineers and designers involved in analysing water demand and water management. This is why linking water consumption and school occupancy is the goal of this paper, trying to set the basis for further design, conservation and educational interventions on this topic. This research integrates quantitative data of water consumption, through water metering and analysis, and historical data about users in buildings. We focused on consumptions for four types of schools: nurseries (0–3-year-old children), kindergartens (3–6 years), elementary schools (6–11 years) and secondary 1st grade schools (11–14 years). The results are that the rational basic demand for water is estimated as 48.8 l per pre-school student per day and 18.7 l per elementary/secondary school student per day. Therefore we found that younger children use more water on a daily basis than older ones, probably because they need more services, such as laundries and kitchens, whereas older students consume water mainly in restrooms.

Water efficiency in Malaysian commercial buildings: a green initiative and cost–benefit approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhana Mohd Zaini ◽  
Qi Jie Kwong ◽  
Lynne Barbara Jack
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe demand for potable water increases with population growth, given its role in sustaining life. As part of a wider approach to ensuring sustainable provision, this has prompted a number of carefully formulated water efficiency improvement plans for buildings, one of the highest water-consuming sectors. This paper presents a detailed analysis of water efficiency potential for a multi-storey commercial complex and an office building in central Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a detailed analysis of the water use and efficiency of the water fittings was carried out. Important data such as historical water use and details of water fittings were acquired during a field survey. A series of water flow rate tests were conducted at the selected buildings and each of the water systems was analysed separately, using the criteria of water efficiency stipulated by a locally applied green building tool. A comparison of water consumption before and after the improvement plan was then made.FindingsFindings from the field surveys indicate that only some of the water fittings were certified with recognised efficiency ratings, which suggests a good opportunity for improvement. The proposed replacement of more-efficient fittings could potentially improve the obtainable green credit points by at least 10 from a maximum of 15. A cost–benefit analysis for a water fitting replacement scheme shows that the estimated payback period is less lengthy for the larger commercial building due to the higher potential savings.Practical implicationsStrategies for improvements in water efficiency for existing non-residential buildings are provided in this paper. The same water consumption analysis procedure can be used by maintenance engineers and other practitioners in building assessments where water efficiency and sustainability in building operation are of concern.Originality/valueThis case study responds to the need for efficient use of freshwater and provides insight into the water efficiency opportunities for commercial buildings. The potential cost savings for replacements of inefficient water fittings have been analysed using a green building tool as a guide. This has not been extensively analysed in previous studies.

Water demand: the Austrian end-use study and conclusions for the future

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Neunteufel ◽  
Laurent Richard ◽  
Reinhard Perfler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Single Family ◽  
End Use

Demographic and climate change will affect in the long term the total water consumption and therefore the planning and management of the related infrastructures. End-use studies provide information on water consumption and its influencing factors. However the availability of such detailed data is very limited. The research project carried out was based on total daily water consumption collected from 12 Austrian water supply areas for periods covering up to 10 years. The general data were complemented with high resolution measurements (ranging from day to 10 second intervals) of household consumption of residential buildings, semi-detached houses, single family homes, and weekend cottages as well as with meteorological data and comprehensive socio-economic and personal information. The major factors influencing residential household consumption are: demographic dynamics; age distribution; household size/family size; living conditions; and regional economic development. In the short term, water consumption is influenced by temperature, precipitation, day of the week and time. For residential consumption, these last parameters were found to be the main causes for the existing peak demands. Modernisation will lead to a further decrease of the indoor per capita water demand. The outdoor demand and its peaks are expected to increase due to climate change.

Selection of Hot Water Supply Metering Devices for Residential Buildings

2015 ◽  
Vol 725-726 ◽  
pp. 1267-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Pukhkal ◽  
Boris Jurmanov
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Hot Water Supply ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Water Meter

Experimental measurements of actual hot water consumption in residential building have been performed. It was established that distribution of hot water for domestic needs has random character and constitutes non-stationary process. It was proposed for hot water supply systems calculation to employ “rated mode of water consumption”. Rated mode is a simplified mathematical description of entire ordered collection of hourly consumptions anticipated during rated period of hot water supply system operation. Most precise description of water consumption rated mode may be obtained with coefficient of general hourly discontinuity at 98% coverage. Selection of hot water metering devices for residential house requires that operating flow rate of water meter should correspond by maximum to residential building water consumption parameters. Methods of calculation of daily water volumes passing through water meter at flow rates lower than transient flow rate value for the specified device were proposed.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Mapping of Water Consumption at Public Institutions: Case of the United Arab Emirates University

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M. M. Yagoub ◽  
Tareefa AlSumaiti ◽  
Latifa Ebrahim ◽  
Yaqein Ahmed ◽  
Rauda Abdulla
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Least Square ◽  
United Arab Emirates University ◽  
The University ◽  
Water Issues

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The United Arab Emirates (UAE) faces water scarcity. Yet, the UAE is one of the highest countries in the per capita water consumption. The United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) is one of the biggest public institutions in the country. On average, the water costs the university annually around two million dirhams. In this study, indoor water consumption at the UAEU is assessed for the period 2016&amp;ndash;2017. Geographic Information System (GIS) is utilized to answer where water is highly consumed within the university (hot spots), when (time), who consume it, why (causes), and how to minimize consumption. It assembles diverse data reside at various departments to gain a better knowledge about the broad patterns of water consumption in the university. The assumption made here is that water consumption is directly proportional to population density and less during winter. The highest water consumption is found at the College of Information Technology (CIT) and this is due to its size and heterogeneity of its activities. The relationship between water consumption and number of students is modeled using least square. The results indicated low correlation between water consumption and number of students. This may be due to the centralized usage of buildings and movement of students between buildings. Temporal variation showed sharp decrease during July of 2016 and 2017 irrespective of the building type/size and this is associated with summer holidays. The hypothesis of activity-driven consumption showed that the highest water consumption is found at residential buildings due to the longer stay time at hostels. The library showed consistent low water consumption. It is interesting to deduce the library usage while investigating water consumption, but it is a lesson that water consumption could be used as a proxy to reveal number of users at buildings. The water consumption at UAEU is benchmarked with other institutes in UAE and abroad. The result from this study identified sites with the highest water consumption and this could be used to adapt water conservation techniques at these sites. A survey was conducted to understand the students’ water consumption behavior, know their willingness to use water conservation methods, and measure their awareness level related to water issues in UAE. The results revealed that half of the respondents are not aware of the water issues. Majority of respondents prefer to drink bottled water than tap water. Majority of respondents are not willing to use grey water or urinals as ways to conserve water due to the lack of knowledge and some physiological reasons. Yet, they are willing to take course designed to teach them how to conserve water and to participate in competitions that reward them for having lower water consumption at hostels.</p>

scholarly journals Decentralized Methods of Water Treatment for Reuse of Residential Gray Water

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Bertolazzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Recycling System ◽  
Vertical Flow Wetland ◽  
Residential Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Water

Water shortages continue to cause negative economic, environmental, and social effects. This could be partially solved by reducing residential water consumption. This could be achieved by recycling graywater through an on-site graywater recycling system. Such a system would need to treat graywater to meet local water quality standards, be able to treat the graywater load from a typical home, be compact enough to fit in or near a home, and be relatively affordable. Three systems intended to treat residential graywater were examined: a drawer compacted sand filter, a semi-batch vertical flow wetland, and a moving bed biofilm membrane bioreactor. After an analysis of the three solutions, the semi-batch vertical flow wetland was recognized as the best graywater recycling system to use in residential buildings. This system produced treated graywater with the highest water quality and that contained no detectable escherichia coli. This system also was compact, and could process the highest amount of graywater. If successful, this system could help residential graywater recycling become more common and therefore reduce residential water consumption. This could help reduce the severity of water shortages and the negative effects associated with them. 

scholarly journals Experimental Study and Modeling of Ground-Source Heat Pumps with Combi-Storage in Buildings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wessam El-Baz ◽  
Peter Tzscheutschler ◽  
Ulrich Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Ground Source ◽  
And Control

There is a continuous growth of heat pump installations in residential buildings in Germany. The heat pumps were not only used for space heating and domestic hot water consumption but also to offer flexibility to the grid. the high coefficient of performance and the low cost of heat storages made the heat pumps an optimal candidate for the power to heat applications. Thus, several questions are raised about the optimal integration and control of the heat pump system with buffer storages to maximize its operation efficiency and minimize the operation costs. In this paper, an experimental investigation is performed to study the performance of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) with a combi-storage under several configurations and control factors. The experiments were performed on an innovative modular testbed that is capable of emulating a ground source to provide the heat pump with different temperature levels at different times of the day. Moreover, it can emulate the different building loads such as the space heating load and the domestic hot water consumption in real-time. The data gathered from the testbed and different experimental studies were used to develop a simulation model based on Modelica that can accurately simulate the dynamics of a GSHP in a building. The model was validated based on different metrics. Energetically, the difference between the developed model and the measured values was only 3.08\% and 4.18\% for the heat generation and electricity consumption, respectively.

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