scholarly journals Review: Particle number size distributions from seven major sources and implications for source apportionment studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 114-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuan V. Vu ◽  
Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit ◽  
Roy M. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Size Distributions

scholarly journals Long-term measurements of particle number size distributions and the relationships with air mass history and source apportionment in the summer of Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 10159-10170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. B. Wang ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
Z. J. Wu ◽  
D. L. Yue ◽  
L. Y. He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
The South ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Combustion Sources

Abstract. A series of long-term and temporary measurements were conducted to study the improvement of air quality in Beijing during the Olympic Games period (8–24 August 2008). To evaluate actions taken to improve the air quality, comparisons of particle number and volume size distributions of August 2008 and 2004–2007 were performed. The total particle number and volume concentrations were 14 000 cm−3 and 37 μm−3 cm−3 in August of 2008, respectively. These were reductions of 41% and 35% compared with mean values of August 2004–2007. A cluster analysis on air mass history and source apportionment were performed, exploring reasons for the reduction of particle concentrations. Back trajectories were classified into five major clusters. Air masses from the south direction are always associated with pollution events during the summertime in Beijing. In August 2008, the frequency of air mass arriving from the south was 1.3 times higher compared to the average of the previous years, which however did not result in elevated particle volume concentrations in Beijing. Therefore, the reduced particle number and volume concentrations during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games cannot be only explained by meteorological conditions. Four factors were found influencing particle concentrations using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. They were identified as local and remote traffic emissions, combustion sources as well as secondary transformation. The reductions of the four sources were calculated to 47%, 44%, 43% and 30%, respectively. The significant reductions of particle number and volume concentrations may attribute to actions taken, focusing on primary emissions, especially related to the traffic and combustion sources.

scholarly journals Characterisation and Source Apportionment of Submicron Particle Number Size Distributions in a Busy Street Canyon

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Krecl ◽  
Admir Créso Targino ◽  
Christer Johansson ◽  
Johan Ström
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Street Canyon ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Submicron Particle ◽  
Busy Street

scholarly journals Size-segregated particle number and mass concentrations from different emission sources in urban Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 12721-12740
Author(s):  
Jing Cai ◽  
Biwu Chu ◽  
Lei Yao ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Liine M. Heikkinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Chemical Fingerprints ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Although secondary particulate matter is reported to be the main contributor of PM2.5 during haze in Chinese megacities, primary particle emissions also affect particle concentrations. In order to improve estimates of the contribution of primary sources to the particle number and mass concentrations, we performed source apportionment analyses using both chemical fingerprints and particle size distributions measured at the same site in urban Beijing from April to July 2018. Both methods resolved factors related to primary emissions, including vehicular emissions and cooking emissions, which together make up 76 % and 24 % of total particle number and organic aerosol (OA) mass, respectively. Similar source types, including particles related to vehicular emissions (1.6±1.1 µg m−3; 2.4±1.8×103 cm−3 and 5.5±2.8×103 cm−3 for two traffic-related components), cooking emissions (2.6±1.9 µg m−3 and 5.5±3.3×103 cm−3) and secondary aerosols (51±41 µg m−3 and 4.2±3.0×103 cm−3), were resolved by both methods. Converted mass concentrations from particle size distributions components were comparable with those from chemical fingerprints. Size distribution source apportionment separated vehicular emissions into a component with a mode diameter of 20 nm (“traffic-ultrafine”) and a component with a mode diameter of 100 nm (“traffic-fine”). Consistent with similar day- and nighttime diesel vehicle PM2.5 emissions estimated for the Beijing area, traffic-fine particles, hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, traffic-related factor resulting from source apportionment using chemical fingerprints) and black carbon (BC) showed similar diurnal patterns, with higher concentrations during the night and morning than during the afternoon when the boundary layer is higher. Traffic-ultrafine particles showed the highest concentrations during the rush-hour period, suggesting a prominent role of local gasoline vehicle emissions. In the absence of new particle formation, our results show that vehicular-related emissions (14 % and 30 % for ultrafine and fine particles, respectively) and cooking-activity-related emissions (32 %) dominate the particle number concentration, while secondary particulate matter (over 80 %) governs PM2.5 mass during the non-heating season in Beijing.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of ambient fine particle from combined size distribution and chemical composition data during summertime in Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1367-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. R. Liu ◽  
Y. S. Wang ◽  
Q. Liu ◽  
B. Hu ◽  
Y. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Particle Number Concentration ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Composition Data ◽  
Regional Sources

Abstract. Continuous particle number concentration and chemical composition data were collected over one month during summertime in Beijing to investigate the source apportionment of ambient fine particles. Particle size distributions from 15 nm to 2.5 μm in diameter and composition data, such as organic matter, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chlorine, and gaseous pollutants, were analyzed using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) which indentified eight factors: cooking, solid mode exhaust, nucleation mode exhaust, accumulation mode, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, coal-fired power plant and road dust. Nearly two-thirds of particle number concentrations were attributed to cooking (22.8%) and motor vehicle (37.5%), whereas road dust, coal-fired power plant and regional sources contributed 69.0% to particle volume concentrations. Local and remote sources were distinguished using size distributions associated with each factor. Local sources were generally characterised by unimodal or bimodal number distributions, consisting mostly of particles less 0.1 μm in diameter, and regional sources were defined by mostly accumulation mode particles. Nearly one third of secondary nitrate and secondary sulfate was transported from the surrounding areas of Beijing during study period. Overall the introduction of combination of particle number concentration and chemical composition in PMF model is successful at separating the components and quantifying relative contributions to the particle number and volume population in a complex urban atmosphere.

scholarly journals Size segregated particle number and mass emissions in urban Beijing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Cai ◽  
Biwu Chu ◽  
Lei Yao ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Liine M. Heikkinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Chemical Fingerprints ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Although secondary particulate matter is reported to be the main contributor of PM2.5 during haze in Chinese megacities, primary particle emissions also affect particle concentrations. In order to improve estimates of the contribution of primary sources to the particle number and mass concentrations, we performed source apportionment analyses using both chemical fingerprints and particle size distributions measured at the same site in urban Beijing from April to July 2018. Both methods resolved factors related to primary emissions, including vehicular emissions and cooking emissions, which together make up 76 % and 24 % of total particle number and organic aerosol (OA) mass, respectively. Similar source-types, including particles related to vehicular emissions (1.6 ± 1.1 μg m−3; 2.4 ± 1.8 × 103 cm−3 and 5.5 ± 2.8 × 103 cm−3 for two traffic-related components), cooking emissions (2.6 ± 1.9 μg m−3 and 5.5 ± 3.3 × 103 cm−3) and secondary aerosols (51 ± 41 μg m−3 and 4.2 ± 3.0 × 103 cm−3) were resolved by both methods. Converted mass concentrations from particle size distributions components were comparable with those from chemical fingerprints. Size distribution source apportionment separated vehicular emissions into a component with a mode diameter of 20 nm (Traffic-ultrafine) and a component with a mode diameter of 100 nm (Traffic-fine). Consistent with similar day and night-time diesel vehicle PM2.5 emissions estimated for the Beijing area, Traffic-fine, hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA, traffic-related factor resulting from source apportionment using chemical fingerprints), and black carbon (BC) showed similar diurnal patterns, with higher concentrations during the night and morning than during the afternoon when the boundary layer is higher. Traffic-ultrafine particles showed the highest concentrations during the rush-hour period, suggesting a prominent role of local gasoline vehicle emissions. In the absence of new-particle formation, our results show that vehicular (14 % and 30 % for ultrafine and fine particles, respectively) and cooking (32 %) emissions dominate the particle number concentration while secondary particulate matter (over 80 %) governs PM2.5 mass during the non-heating season in Beijing.

scholarly journals Long-term measurements of particle number size distributions and the relationships with air mass history and source apportionment in the summer of Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 5165-5197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. B. Wang ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
Z. J. Wu ◽  
D. L. Yue ◽  
L. Y. He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Combustion Sources

Abstract. A series of long-term and temporary measurements were conducted to study the improvement of air quality in Beijing during Olympic Games period (8–24 August 2008). To evaluate actions taken to improve the air quality, comparisons of particle number and volume size distributions of August 2008 and 2004–2007 were performed. The total particle number and volume concentrations were 14 000 cm−3 and 37 μm3 cm−3 in August of 2008, respectively. These were reductions of 41% and 35% compared with the mean values of August 2004–2007. A cluster analysis on air mass history and source apportionment were performed, exploring reasons of the reduction of particle concentrations. Back trajectories were classified into five major clusters. Air mass from south direction are always associated with pollution events during the summertime of Beijing. In August 2008, the frequency of air mass arriving from south has been twice higher compared to the average of the previous years, these southerly air masses did however not result in elevated particle volume concentrations in Beijing. This result implied that the air mass history was not the key factor, explaining reduced particle number and volume concentrations during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Four factors were found influencing particle concentrations using a Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. They were identified to local and remote traffic emissions, combustion sources as well as secondary transformation. The reductions of the four sources were calculated to 47%, 44%, 43% and 30%, respectively. The significant reductions of particle number and volume concentrations may attribute to actions taken, focusing on primary emissions, especially related to the traffic and combustion sources.

scholarly journals Continental anthropogenic primary particle number emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 6823-6840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauli Paasonen ◽  
Kaarle Kupiainen ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Antoon Visschedijk ◽  
Hugo A. C. Denier van der Gon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Coke Production ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
First Results ◽  
Aerosol Cloud Interactions

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particle number concentrations impact our climate and health in ways different from those of aerosol mass concentrations. However, the global, current and future anthropogenic particle number emissions and their size distributions are so far poorly known. In this article, we present the implementation of particle number emission factors and the related size distributions in the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas–Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) model. This implementation allows for global estimates of particle number emissions under different future scenarios, consistent with emissions of other pollutants and greenhouse gases. In addition to determining the general particulate number emissions, we also describe a method to estimate the number size distributions of the emitted black carbon particles. The first results show that the sources dominating the particle number emissions are different to those dominating the mass emissions. The major global number source is road traffic, followed by residential combustion of biofuels and coal (especially in China, India and Africa), coke production (Russia and China), and industrial combustion and processes. The size distributions of emitted particles differ across the world, depending on the main sources: in regions dominated by traffic and industry, the number size distribution of emissions peaks in diameters range from 20 to 50 nm, whereas in regions with intensive biofuel combustion and/or agricultural waste burning, the emissions of particles with diameters around 100 nm are dominant. In the baseline (current legislation) scenario, the particle number emissions in Europe, Northern and Southern Americas, Australia, and China decrease until 2030, whereas especially for India, a strong increase is estimated. The results of this study provide input for modelling of the future changes in aerosol–cloud interactions as well as particle number related adverse health effects, e.g. in response to tightening emission regulations. However, there are significant uncertainties in these current emission estimates and the key actions for decreasing the uncertainties are pointed out.

scholarly journals Inter-community variability in total particle number concentrations in the eastern Los Angeles air basin

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 11385-11399 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hudda ◽  
K. Cheung ◽  
K. F. Moore ◽  
C. Sioutas
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Monitoring Station ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Central Monitoring ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations

Abstract. Ultrafine Particles (UFP) can display sharp gradients in their number concentrations in urban environment due to their transient nature and rapid atmospheric processing. The ability of using air pollution data generated at a central monitoring station to assess exposure relies on our understanding of the spatial variability of a specific pollutant associated with a region. High spatial variation in the concentrations of air pollutants has been reported at scales of 10s of km for areas affected by primary emissions. Spatial variability in particle number concentrations (PNC) and size distributions needs to be investigated, as the representativeness of a monitoring station in a region is premised on the assumption of homogeneity in both of these metrics. This study was conducted at six sites, one in downtown Los Angeles and five located about 40–115 km downwind in the receptor areas of Los Angeles air basin. PNC and size distribution were measured using Condensation Particle Counters (CPC) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The seasonal and diurnal variations of PNC implied that PNC might vary significantly with meteorological conditions, even though the general patterns at the sites may remain generally similar across the year due to consistency of sources around them. Regionally transported particulate matter (PM) from upwind urban areas of Los Angeles lowered spatial variation by acting as a "homogenizing" factor during favorable meteorological conditions. Spatial variability also increased during hours of the day during which the effects of local sources predominate. The spatial variability associated with PNC (quantified using Coefficients of Divergence, CODs), averaged about 0.3, which was generally lower than that based on specific size ranges. Results showed an inverse relationship of COD with particles size, with fairly uniform values in the particle range which is associated with regional transport. Our results suggest that spatial variability, even in the receptor regions of Los Angeles Basin, should be assessed for both PNC and size distributions, and should be interpreted in context of seasonal and diurnal influences, and suitably factored if values for exposure are ascertained using a central monitoring station.

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