Age-related differences in the brain areas outside the classical language areas among adults using category decision task

2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Won Cho ◽  
Hui-Jin Song ◽  
Jae Jun Lee ◽  
Joo Hwa Lee ◽  
Hui Joong Lee ◽  
...  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano F. Cappa

The study of the brain mechanisms involved in narrative production and comprehension has made significant progress in the last decade. The paper reviews some of the available evidence, focusing on functional imaging studies aimed to assess brain activity in normal subjects, while they listen to narratives or watching movies. The complex brain networks engaged by these complex tasks extend beyond the classical language areas, by involving the right hemisphere and hippocampal structures. These results provide initial insights into the mechanisms involved in narrative cohesion, situation model construction and distinction/integration of narrative elements.


1998 ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Bernardi ◽  
C Salvestroni ◽  
E Casarosa ◽  
RE Nappi ◽  
A Lanzone ◽  
...  

OBJECTIVE: Allopregnanolone is a potent neuroactive steroid hormone produced in the brain and in peripheral endocrine glands. The present study investigated possible age-related variations in allopregnanolone content in brain areas, endocrine glands and serum of male rats. DESIGN: Wistar male rats were categorized into 5 groups (6 rats in each) according to age: 6, 12, 16, 18 and 20 months respectively. METHODS: Allopregnanolone content in acidic homogenates of brain cortex, hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals and gonads was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. Serum allopregnanolone, corticosterone and testosterone were also assayed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Brain cortex allopregnanolone content decreased significantly with age, while hypothalamic allopregnanolone content remained constant until 18 months and increased significantly at 20 months. Pituitary content showed a significant age-related reduction. Adrenal allopregnanolone content remained constant until 18 months, and was significantly higher at 20 months. Testis and serum allopregnanolone contents showed significant age-related increases. Serum testosterone levels showed an age-related decrease, while no age-related variation in serum corticosterone was found. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed a significant impact of aging on allopregnanolone contents in brain, endocrine glands and serum, showing an age-related decrease in brain cortex and pituitary, and an age-related increase in testes, adrenals and serum.


Author(s):  
А.А. Пальцын ◽  
Н.Б. Свиридкина

Медицинское противодействие возрастной деградации мозга может быть не только профилактическим, т.е. замедлением его, но и регенеративным - восстановлением утраченного. Для успеха регенеративной медицины необходимо знание природных механизмов регенерации и действие в соответствии с ними. В нейрогенных зонах представляется разумным стимулировать нейрогенез и восстанавливать утраченные связи путем включения в сети новых нейронов. Относительно некоторых областей мозга (кора, мозжечок, спиной мозг), где постнатальный нейрогенез в эволюции не сложился, есть свидетельства развертывания в сохранившихся нейронах процессов внутриклеточной регенерации, в частности увеличения числа ядер и, соответственно, генов, обеспечивающих связи нейронов. Такую регенерацию наблюдали при экспериментальном инсульте и адаптации к гипоксии. Medical counteraction to age-related brain degradation can be not only preventive, i.e., slowing, but also regenerative, aimed at recovery of the loss. Successful regenerative treatment implies insight into natural mechanisms of regeneration with ensuing actions. In neurogenic zones, it seems reasonable to stimulate neurogenesis and restore lost connections by including new neurons in the network. For some brain areas (cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord), where postnatal neurogenesis has not evolved during the evolution, there is evidence for development of intracellular regeneration processes in survived neurons, in particular, an increase in the number of nuclei and, respectively, the genes providing neuronal connections. Such regeneration was observed in experimental stroke and adaptation to hypoxia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  

Emerging results support the concept that Alzheimer disease (AD) and age-related dementia are affected by the ability of the immune system to contain the brain's pathology. Accordingly, well-controlled boosting, rather than suppression of systemic immunity, has been suggested as a new approach to modify disease pathology without directly targeting any of the brain's disease hallmarks. Here, we provide a short review of the mechanisms orchestrating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. We then discuss how immune checkpoint blockade directed against the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways could be developed as an immunotherapeutic approach to combat this disease using a regimen that will address the needs to combat AD.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  

Emerging results support the concept that Alzheimer disease (AD) and age-related dementia are affected by the ability of the immune system to contain the brain’s pathology. Accordingly, well-controlled boosting, rather than suppression of systemic immunity, has been suggested as a new approach to modify disease pathology without directly targeting any of the brain’s disease hallmarks. Here, we provide a short review of the mechanisms orchestrating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. We then discuss how immune checkpoint blockade directed against the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways could be developed as an immunotherapeutic approach to combat this disease using a regimen that will address the needs to combat AD.


Author(s):  
Armin Schnider

What diseases cause confabulations and which are the brain areas whose damage is responsible? This chapter reviews the causes, both historic and present, of confabulations and deduces the anatomo-clinical relationships for the four forms of confabulation in the following disorders: alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome, traumatic brain injury, rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, posterior circulation stroke, herpes and limbic encephalitis, hypoxic brain damage, degenerative dementia, tumours, schizophrenia, and syphilis. Overall, clinically relevant confabulation is rare. Some aetiologies have become more important over time, others have virtually disappeared. While confabulations seem to be more frequent after anterior brain damage, only one form has a distinct anatomical basis.


Sci ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
James David Adams

A three-part mechanism is proposed for the induction of Alzheimer’s disease: (1) decreased blood lactic acid; (2) increased blood ceramide and adipokines; (3) decreased blood folic acid. The age-related nature of these mechanisms comes from age-associated decreased muscle mass, increased visceral fat and changes in diet. This mechanism also explains why many people do not develop Alzheimer’s disease. Simple changes in lifestyle and diet can prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a cascade of events that culminates in damage to the blood–brain barrier and damage to neurons. The blood–brain barrier keeps toxic molecules out of the brain and retains essential molecules in the brain. Lactic acid is a nutrient to the brain and is produced by exercise. Damage to endothelial cells and pericytes by inadequate lactic acid leads to blood–brain barrier damage and brain damage. Inadequate folate intake and oxidative stress induced by activation of transient receptor potential cation channels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase damage the blood–brain barrier. NAD depletion due to inadequate intake of nicotinamide and alterations in the kynurenine pathway damages neurons. Changes in microRNA levels may be the terminal events that cause neuronal death leading to Alzheimer’s disease. A new mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease induction is presented involving lactic acid, ceramide, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, folate, nicotinamide, kynurenine metabolites and microRNA.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 740-740
Author(s):  
Gerard Karsenty

Abstract We hypothesized that bone may secrete hormones that regulate energy metabolism and reproduction. Testing this hypothesis revealed that the osteoblast-specific secreted protein osteocalcin is a hormone regulating glucose homeostasis and male fertility by signaling through a GPCR, Gprc6a, expressed in pancreatic β bells and Leydig cells of the testes. The systematic exploration of osteocalcin biology, revealed that it regulates an unexpectedly large spectrum of physiological functions in the brain and peripheral organs and that it has most features of an antigeromic molecule. As will be presented at the meeting, this body of work suggests that harnessing osteocalcin for therapeutic purposes may be beneficial in the treatment of age-related diseases such as depression, age-related memory loss and the decline in muscle function seen in sarcopenia.


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