Postischemic fish oil treatment restores long-term retrograde memory and dendritic density: An analysis of the time window of efficacy

Abstract Sexual imprinting is an early learning process by which a young animal acquires information which will help in choosing a sexual partner. It consists of two separate phases, an acquisition phase where features of the social environment are learnt, and a stabilisation phase in which, guided by the previously acquired social information, a preference for a sexual partner is established and stabilised, such that it cannot be altered subsequently. The stabilisation process is short and can be controlled experimentally. This review summarises research on the neural events accompanying consolidation in those brain areas which have previously been identified as important for imprinting. It shows that the period during which consolidation can occur can be shifted only within a certain time window, and demonstrates the fast adjustment of spine densities within the imprinting areas after consolidation has started. It further suggests that long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD)-like mechanisms may be involved in this learning process, and that the immediate early genes ZENK and c-fos are expressed within the relevant imprinting areas in the course of consolidation. Evidence is presented for a prominent role of the lateral neostriatum in the imprinting process, and also for the involvement of the hippocampus in this type of early learning.

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Ethyl-acetate fraction of Trichilia catigua restores long-term retrograde memory and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation after global cerebral ischemia in rats

Behavioural Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.050 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 337 ◽

pp. 173-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jacqueline Godinho ◽

Rúbia Maria Weffort de Oliveira ◽

Anacharis Babeto de Sa-Nakanishi ◽

Cristiano Correia Bacarin ◽

Claudia Hitomi Huzita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽

Retrograde Memory

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Hypervitaminosis A Following Long-Term Use of High-Dose Fish Oil Supplements

CHEST Journal ◽

10.1378/chest.97.5.1260 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 97 (5) ◽

pp. 1260 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Blair P. Grubb

Keyword(s):

Fish Oil ◽

High Dose ◽

Hypervitaminosis A

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Pharmacological Interventions and Rehabilitation Approach for Enhancing Brain Self-repair and Stroke Recovery

Current Neuropharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570159x17666190726104139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 51-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafał Szelenberger ◽

Joanna Kostka ◽

Joanna Saluk-Bijak ◽

Elżbieta Miller

Keyword(s):

Functional Organization ◽

Time Window ◽

Early Stage ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Stroke Recovery ◽

Therapeutic Window ◽

Cell Therapies ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Neuroprotective Strategies

Neuroplasticity is a natural process occurring in the brain for the entire life. Stroke is the leading cause of long term disability and a huge medical and financial problem throughout the world. Research conducted over the past decade focused mainly on neuroprotection in the acute phase of stroke while very little studies target the chronic stage. Recovery after stroke depends on the ability of our brain to reestablish the structural and functional organization of neurovascular networks. Combining adjuvant therapies and drugs may enhance the repair processes and restore impaired brain functions. Currently, there are some drugs and rehabilitative strategies that can facilitate brain repair and improve clinical effect even years after stroke onset. Moreover, some of the compounds such as citicoline, fluoxetine, niacin, levodopa, etc. are already in clinical use or are being trialed in clinical issues. Many studies are also testing cell therapies; in our review, we focused on studies where cells have been implemented at the early stage of stroke. Next, we discuss pharmaceutical interventions. In this section, we selected methods of cognitive, behavioral, and physical rehabilitation as well as adjuvant interventions for neuroprotection including noninvasive brain stimulation and extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. The modern rehabilitation represents a new model of physical interventions with the limited therapeutic window up to six months after stroke. However, previous studies suggest that the time window for stroke recovery is much longer than previously thought. This review attempts to present the progress in neuroprotective strategies, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological that can stimulate the endogenous neuroplasticity in post-stroke patients.

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Hypocaloric Diet Initiated Post-Ischemia Provides Long-Term Neuroprotection and Promotes Peri-Infarct Brain Remodeling by Regulating Metabolic and Survival-Promoting Proteins

Molecular Neurobiology ◽

10.1007/s12035-020-02207-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tayana Silva de Carvalho ◽

Eduardo H. Sanchez-Mendoza ◽

Adriana R. Schultz Moreira ◽

Luiza M. Nascentes Melo ◽

Chen Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Stroke ◽

Motor Coordination ◽

Time Window ◽

Infarct Volume ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Capillary Density ◽

Sirtuin 1 ◽

Stroke Recovery ◽

Hypocaloric Diet

AbstractCalorie restriction confers post-ischemic neuroprotection, when administered in a defined time window before ischemic stroke. How a hypocaloric diet influences stroke recovery when initiated after stroke has not been investigated. Male C57BL6/j mice were exposed to transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Immediately post-ischemia, mice were randomized to two groups receiving moderately hypocaloric (2286 kcal/kg food) or normocaloric (3518 kcal/kg) diets ad libitum. Animals were sacrificed at 3 or 56 days post-ischemia (dpi). Besides increased low density lipoprotein at 3 days and reduced alanine aminotransferase and increased urea at 56 days, no alterations of plasma markers were found in ischemic mice on hypocaloric diet. Body weight mildly decreased over 56 dpi by 7.4%. Hypocaloric diet reduced infarct volume in the acute stroke phase at 3 dpi and decreased brain atrophy, increased neuronal survival and brain capillary density in peri-infarct striatum and reduced motor coordination impairment in tight rope tests in the post-acute stroke phase over up to 56 dpi. The abundance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the NAD-dependent deacetylase and longevity protein sirtuin-1, the anti-oxidant glutathione peroxidase-3, and the ammonium detoxifier glutamine synthetase in the peri-infarct brain tissue was increased by hypocaloric diet. This study shows that a moderately hypocaloric diet that is initiated after stroke confers long-term neuroprotection and promotes peri-infarct brain remodeling.

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Fish Oil Monotherapy for Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease on SMOFlipid in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9113393 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 3393

Author(s):

Sanghoon Lee ◽

Se In Sung ◽

Hyo Jung Park ◽

Yun Sil Chang ◽

Won Soon Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Lipid Emulsion ◽

Intestinal Failure ◽

Direct Bilirubin ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Life Threatening

Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a life-threatening complication of parenteral nutrition (PN) and is most prevalent in the preterm neonatal population receiving long-term PN. In this study, we report the outcome of our experience with fish oil monotherapy for IFALD in a fish oil-based combination lipid emulsion administered to preterm low birth weight infants. Fasting neonates were administered as PN according to our center’s nutrition protocol. A diagnosis of IFALD was made when the serum direct bilirubin levels were >2.0 mg/dL in two consecutive measurements that were more than one week apart, without evidence of intrinsic causes of liver dysfunction. The management of IFALD was conducted by switching the lipid emulsion from combination lipid emulsion to fish oil monotherapy at 1.0 g/kg/day, infused over 24 h. Fifteen infants met the criteria for IFALD and received fish oil monotherapy. The median gestational age was 27.5 weeks and the median birth weight was 862.5 g. IFALD was successfully reversed in 11 infants (11/15, 73.3%). The median duration of fish oil monotherapy was 39 days. Direct bilirubin values were initially elevated and then steadily declined from the third week of treatment onward. The enteral tolerance increased in varying degrees during the treatment period. The mean weight gain was 26.0 g/day during fish oil monotherapy. Omegaven® (Fresenius Kabi Austria Gmbh, Graz, Austria) at a dose of 1.0 g/kg/day was well tolerated, and no adverse events related to Omegaven use were seen. The reversal of IFALD in preterm infants on combination lipid emulsion containing fish oil was achieved by switching to fish oil monotherapy.

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A Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Combination of Pure Fish Oil with Third Generation Lipid Emulsion on Liver Function in Children on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11102495 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2495

Author(s):

Mikołaj Danko ◽

Aleksandra Żyła-Pawlak ◽

Janusz Książyk ◽

Katarzyna Olszewska-Durkacz ◽

Marta Sibilska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Liver Function ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Lipid Emulsion ◽

Intestinal Failure ◽

Third Generation ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Background: Deterioration of liver function, or intestinal failure-associated liver disease, is often observed in long-term parenterally fed children. Fish oil-based intravenous lipids have been reported to play a role in the prevention and treatment of intestinal failure associated liver disease. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 40 pediatric patients, (20 male and 20 female), median age 38 months (range 1.5–200 months) on long-term (≥1 month) parenteral nutrition who received the parenteral mixtures containing a combination of a third-generation lipid emulsion and pure fish oil because of laboratory liver function abnormalities. The total dose of fish oil from both emulsions for each patient exceeded 0.5 g/kg/day. Data from visits in an outpatient clinic were retrospectively analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation test. Results: The median time of therapy was 149 days (range 28–418 days). There was a decrease of median total and direct (conjugated) bilirubin concentration from 22.23 µmol/L (range 3.42–243 µmol/L) to 10.26 µmol/L (range 3.42–180.58 µmol/L; p < 0.005) and 8.55 (range 1.71–212.04 µmol/L) to 6.84 µmol/L (range 1.71–150.48 µmol/L; p < 0.007) respectively. A significant decrease in median alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase was also observed. In 11 patients bilirubin concentrations increased or remained unchanged. When compared to the patients who responded to the combination therapy, the patients who did not respond received parenteral nutrition for a longer time prior to the start of the therapy (51 vs. 30 months; p < 0.05). Conclusions: The mixture of an intravenous lipid emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil with the addition of pure fish oil emulsion may be helpful in the treatment of liver complications in children on long-term parenteral nutrition.

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