Rapid start-up of the anammox process: Effects of five different sludge extracellular polymeric substances on the activity of anammox bacteria

Abstract The effects of FeS on nitrogen removal performance and microbial community of anammox process were studied. During the start-up period, the removal efficiencies of nitrite and total nitrogen were significantly improved by FeS. The addition of FeS increased the content of iron ions in the reactor and promoted the synthesis of heme c, which was involved in the formation of various enzymes. Compared with the control, the abundance of anammox bacteria in the FeS reactor was increased by 29%, and the expression level of the nirS gene (encoding cd1 type nitrite reductase containing heme) was nearly doubled. The content of nitrite reductase (ammonia-forming) in the community was increased by 26.4%. The difference in functional bacteria and enzyme contents in the microbial community resulted in a difference in nitrogen removal rate (NRR) between the two reactors. High-throughput results indicated that FeS increased the richness and diversity of microbial community and enhanced the metabolic function of the microbial community. The addition of FeS did not change the dominant position of Ca. Kuenenia in both reactors. But the relative abundance of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria was reduced with FeS, which may be related to the inhibition effect of S2− produced by FeS.

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Aplikasi Proses Anammox Dalam Penyisihan Nitrogen Menggunakan Reaktor Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan ◽

10.29122/jtl.v21i1.3725 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini ◽

Reri Afrianita ◽

Ilham Hagi Putra

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Laboratory Scale ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Stable Operation ◽

Start Up ◽

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Anammox Process

ABSTRACTAnammox process is a more practical alternative in biological nitrogen removal compared to conventional nitrification-denitrification processes. This process conducted at the optimum temperature of 370C. Indonesia, as a tropical country, has the potential for the application of anammox processes to remove nitrogen in wastewater. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency of nitrogen removal in the anammox process using the Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor at ambient temperature with variations in the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours and 12 hours, at the laboratory scale. Samples are measured twice a week using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. As a seeding sludge for start-up, the reactor was inoculated with granular anammox bacteria genus Candidatus Brocadia. At the stable operation, the ratio of ΔNO2--N:ΔNH4+-N and ΔNO3--N:ΔNH4+-N approach the stoichiometry of the anammox process were 1.20 and 0.21, respectively. The performance of nitrogen removal with 24-hour HRT obtained a maximum nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.113 kg-N/m3.d with nitrogen loading rate (NLR) 0.14 kg-N/m3.d, and at 12-hour HRT, maximum NRR of 0.196 kg-N/m3.d with NLR 0,28 kg-N/m3.d. Ammonium Conversion Efficiency (ACE) and Nitrogen Removal Efficiency (NRE) maximum for HRT 24 hours were 82% and 77%, respectively while HRT 12 hours were 72% and 68%, respectively. The anammox process operated stably in the tropical temperature with a temperature range of 23-280C on a laboratory scale using the UASB reactor.Keywords: anammox, nitrogen, temperature, tropical, uasb.ABSTRAKProses anammox menjadi alternatif yang lebih efektif dalam penyisihan nitrogen secara biologi dibandingkan dengan proses konvensional nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi. Proses ini berlangsung optimum pada suhu 370C. Indonesia sebagai negara tropis memiliki potensi untuk aplikasi proses anammox untuk menghilangkan nitrogen pada air limbah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efesiensi penyisihan nitrogen pada proses anammox menggunakan Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reaktor pada suhu ambien dengan variasi Waktu Tinggal Hidrolik (WTH) 24 jam dan 12 jam, pada skala laboratorium. Sampel diukur dua kali setiap minggu menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Sebagai seeding sludge (lumpur biakan) untuk start-up (memulai) reaktor digunakan bakteri anammox genus Candidatus Brocadia berbentuk granular. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, didapatkan nilai rasio ΔNO2--N:ΔNH4+-N dan ΔNO3--N:ΔNH4+-N mendekati stoikiometri proses anammox yaitu 1,20 dan 0,21. Kinerja penyisihan nitrogen dengan WTH 24 jam didapatkan nilai tingkat penyisihan nitrogen (TPyN ) maksimum 0,113 kg-N/m3.h pada tingkat pemuatan nitrogen (TPN) 0,14 kg-N/m3.h, dan WTH 12 jam nilai TPyN maksimum 0,196 kg-N/m3.h pada TPN 0,28 kg-N/m3.h. Nilai efisiensi konversi amonia (EKA) dan efisiensi penyisihan nitrogen (EPN) maksimum pada WTH 24 jam berturut-turut adalah 82% dan 77%, sedangkan pada WTH 12 jam berturut-turut adalah 72% dan 68%. Penelitian membuktikan bahwa proses anammox dapat berlangsung stabil pada daerah tropis dengan suhu terukur 21-290C pada skala laboratorium menggunakan UASB reaktor. Kata kunci: Anammox, nitrogen, temperatur, tropis, uasb.

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Start up and Stabilization of Anammox Process in an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (an MBR)

Linnaeus Eco-Tech ◽

10.15626/eco-tech.2010.012 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

S. Suneethi ◽

Kurian Joseph

Keyword(s):

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Aquatic Toxicity ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Seed Culture ◽

Start Up ◽

Anammox Process

Release of nitrate and ammonia rich wastewaters into the natural waters promotes eutrophication, aquatic toxicity and deterioration in water quality. Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX) process is an advanced biological nitrogen removal alternative to traditional nitrification – denitrification, which removes ammonia using nitrite as the electron acceptor without oxygen. The feasibility to enrich ANAMMOX bacteria from anaerobic seed culture to start up an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (An MBR) for N – removal is reported in this paper. The seed culture used was anaerobic digester sludge collected from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Chennai. Stabilization performance of An MBR is reported for a period of 250 days, for the presence of ANAMMOX bacteria and its sustained activity in terms of Nitrogen transformations to Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate along with Hydrazine and Hydroxylamine.

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Enrichment of Anammox bacteria in seed sludges from different wastewater treating processes and start-up of Anammox process

Desalination ◽

10.1016/j.desal.2010.12.034 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 271 (1-3) ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Tao Wang ◽

Hanmin Zhang ◽

Dawen Gao ◽

Fenglin Yang ◽

Shuai Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Start Up ◽

Anammox Process

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Start-Up of Anammox SBR from Non-Specific Inoculum and Process Acceleration Methods by Hydrazine

Water ◽

10.3390/w13030350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 350

Author(s):

Ivar Zekker ◽

Oleg Artemchuk ◽

Ergo Rikmann ◽

Kelvin Ohimai ◽

Gourav Dhar Bhowmick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Biological Nutrient Removal ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Reject Water ◽

Start Up ◽

Anammox Activity ◽

Optimum Salinity ◽

Anammox Process

Biological nutrient removal from wastewater to reach acceptable levels is needed to protect water resources and avoid eutrophication. The start-up of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process from scratch was investigated in a 20 L sequence batch reactor (SBR) inoculated with a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic sludge at 30 ± 0.5 °C with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2–3 days. The use of NH4Cl, NaNO2, and reject water as nitrogen sources created different salinity periods, in which the anammox process performance was assessed: low (<0.2 g of Cl−/L), high (18.2 g of Cl−/L), or optimum salinity (0.5–2 g of Cl−/L). Reject water feeding gave the optimum salinity, with an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 80%, and a TNRR of 0.08 kg N/m3/d being achieved after 193 days. The main aim was to show the effect of a hydrazine addition on the specific anammox activity (SAA) and denitrification activity in the start-up process to boost the autotrophic nitrogen removal from scratch. The effect of the anammox intermediate hydrazine addition was tested to assess its concentration effect (range of 2–12.5 mg of N2H4/L) on diminishing denitrifier activity and accelerating anammox activity at the same time. Heterotrophic denitrifiers’ activity was diminished by all hydrazine additions compared to the control; 5 mg of N2H4/L added enhanced SAA compared to the control, achieving an SAA of 0.72 (±0.01) mg N/g MLSS/h, while the test with 7.5 mg of N2H4/L reached the highest overall SAA of 0.98 (±0.09) mg N g/MLSS/h. The addition of trace amounts of hydrazine for 6 h was also able to enhance SAA after inhibition by organic carbon source sodium acetate addition at a high C/N ratio of 10/1. The start-up of anammox bacteria from the aerobic–anaerobic suspended biomass was successful, with hydrazine significantly accelerating anammox activity and decreasing denitrifier activity, making the method applicable for side-stream as well as mainstream treatment.

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Sinks and sources of anammox bacteria in a wastewater treatment plant – screening with qPCR

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2018.318 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 441-451

Author(s):

Linda Kanders ◽

Maike Beier ◽

Regina Nogueira ◽

Emma Nehrenheim

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Reject Water ◽

Start Up ◽

Reliable Source ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Anammox Process

Abstract The deammonification process, which includes nitritation and anammox bacteria, is an energy-efficient nitrogen removal process. Starting up an anammox process in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is still widely believed to require external seeding of anammox bacteria. To demonstrate the principle of a non-seeded anammox start-up, anammox bacteria in potential sources must be quantified. In this study, seven digesters, their substrates and reject water were sampled and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify both total and viable anammox bacteria. The results show that mesophilic digesters fed with nitrifying sludge (with high sludge ages) can be classified as a reliable source of anammox bacteria. Sludge hygienization and dewatering of digestate reduce the amount of anammox bacteria by one to two orders of magnitude and can be considered as a sink. The sampled reject waters contained on average >4.0 × 104 copies mL−1 and the majority of these cells (>87%) were viable cells. Furthermore, plants with side-stream anammox treatment appear to have higher overall quantities of anammox bacteria than those without such treatment. The present study contributes to the development of sustainable strategies for both start-up of anammox reactors and the possibility of improving microbial management in WWTPs.

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Anammox process for synthetic and practical wastewater treatment using a novel kind of biomass carriers

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2008.737 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 1335-1341 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Sen Qiao ◽

Yuki Kawakubo ◽

Yingjun Cheng ◽

Takashi Nishiyama ◽

Takao Fujii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽

Granular Sludge ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Synthetic Wastewater ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

N Removal ◽

Removal Technologies ◽

Anammox Process

The anammox process, as an alternative to conventional nitrogen removal technologies, has abstracted much attention in recent years. In this study, one column-type reactor using a novel support material—net type acrylic fiber (Biofix)—was used for anammox treatment. The Biofix reactor was operated at 25°C (peak summer temperature, 31.5°C). Over 330 days of operation for synthetic wastewater treatment, the nitrogen loading rates of the reactor were increased to 3.6 kg-N/m3/d and T-N removal efficiencies reached to 81.3%. For the practical anaerobic sludge digester liquor treatment, the average TN removal efficiency of 72% was obtained. A protein substance was shown to be the most abundant extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the granular sludge with almost two times more in the attached sludge of the Biofix reactor. Considering the EPS levels and observation by scanning electron microscopy, the anammox granules in the Biofix reactor were showing dense state. Results of DNA analyses indicated that the KSU-1 strain might prefer relatively low nutrient levels, while the KU2 strain might be better suited for the high media concentration. Other kinds of bacteria were also identified with the potentials for consuming the dissolved oxygen in the influent and facilitating anammox bacteria surviving under aerobic conditions.

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Start-Up, Modelling and Simulation of the Anammox Process in a Membrane Bioreactor

Chemical and Process Engineering ◽

10.2478/v10176-012-0054-6 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 639-650 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Grzegorz Cema ◽

Adam Sochacki ◽

Jakub Kubiatowicz ◽

Piotr Gutwiński ◽

Joanna Surmacz-Górska

Keyword(s):

Removal Efficiency ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Predictive Power ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Ammonium Oxidation ◽

Start Up ◽

Model Predictions ◽

Anammox Process

There are certain well-known methods of diminishing concentrations of nitrogen compounds, but they are ineffective in case of nitrogen-rich wastewater with a low content of biodegradable carbon. Partial nitritation followed by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) process appear to be an excellent alternative for traditional nitrification and denitrification. This paper presents the feasibility of successful start-up of Anammox process in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). It was shown that the combination of membrane technology and Anammox process allowed to create a new highly efficient and compact system for nitrogen removal. It was possible to achieve average nitrogen removal efficiency equal to 76.7 ± 8.3%. It was shown that the start-up period of 6 months was needed to obtain high nitrogen removal efficiency. The applied biochemical model of the Anammox process was based on the state-of-the-art Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM 1) which was modified for accounting activity of autotrophs (nitrite-oxidising bacteria and nitrateoxidising bacteria) and anammox bacteria. In order to increase the predictive power of the simulation selected parameters of the model were adjusted during model calibration. Readjustment of the model parameters based on the critically evaluated data of the reactor resulted in a satisfactory match between the model predictions and the actual observations.

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Start – Up Proses Anammox Menggunakan Lumpur Telaga Kotobaru sebagai Inokulum

Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan ◽

10.29122/jtl.v21i2.4155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 138-146

Author(s):

Randi Permana Putra ◽

Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini ◽

Puti Sri Komala

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Colorimetric Method ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Continuous Reactor ◽

Anammox Bacteria ◽

Tropical Country ◽

Method Performance ◽

Start Up ◽

Anammox Process

ABSTRACTThe anammox process plays an essential role in removing nitrogen from the waters anaerobically. Since the discovery of anammox in 1995, no studies have reported anammox bacteria from the Indonesian environment. This research aims to begin exploring anammox bacteria from the environment in Indonesia as a tropical country. The exploration was carried out with a start-up anammox process in a continuous reactor. The reactor was constructed using a housing filter equipped with a string wound filter as a supporting media for biofilm. Sludge from Koto Baru Lake, Tanah Datar, Indonesia, was used as inoculum. The substrate was fed into the reactor through the inside of the filter using a peristaltic pump. Ammonium and nitrite were supplemented to the substrate at a 70-150 mg-N/L concentration and operated at room temperature. The samples were collected once a week. Ammonium and nitrite were measured using the colorimetric method, nitrate using the ultraviolet spectrophotometric method. Performance of nitrogen removal and the growth biofilm in the reactor shown the success of the start of the anammox process. After 140 days of reactor operation, the maximum value of nitrogen removal rate (NRR) was 0.271 kg-N/m3.day at the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) 0.3095 kg-N/m3.day. Ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) and nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) during start-up were 97.07% and 91.92%. Red biofilm growth on the filter and the reactor's inner wall, which is characteristic of the anammox bacteria biomass.Keywords: anammox, Indonesia, Koto Baru Lake, tropical ABSTRAKProses anammox memiliki peran penting dalam penyisihan nitrogen dari perairan secara anaerobik. Sejak ditemukannya anammox pada 1995, belum ada penelitian yang melaporkan keberadaan bakteri anammox dari lingkungan Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memulai eksplorasi bakteri anammox dari lingkungan di Indonesia sebagai negara tropis. Eksplorasi dilakukan dengan start-up proses anammox pada sebuah reaktor kontinu. Reaktor terdiri dari housing filter yang dilengkapi dengan string wound filter sebagai media lekat untuk biofilm. Lumpur dari Telaga Koto Baru digunakan sebagai inokulum. Substrat dialirkan ke dalam reaktor melalui bagian dalam filter menggunakan pompa peristaltik. Amonium dan nitrit ditambahkan ke substrat dengan konsentrasi 70-150 mg-N/L dan dioperasikan pada suhu kamar. Konsentrasi amonium dan nitrit diukur dengan metode kolorimetri, serta konsentrasi nitrat dianalisis menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV dengan interval pengukuran sampel setiap 5 hari. Pengamatan penyisihan nitrogen dan pertumbuhan biofilm di reaktor menunjukkan keberhasilan dimulainya proses anammox. Setelah 140 hari operasional reaktor, didapatkan nilai tingkat penyisihan nitrogen (TPyN) maksimum 0,271 kg-N/m3.hari pada tingkat pemuatan nitrogen (TPN) 0,3095 kg-N/m3.hari. Nilai efisiensi konversi amonium (EKA) dan efisiensi penyisihan nitrogen (EPN) maksimum selama start-up adalah : 97,07% dan 91,92%. Biofilm berwarna merah tumbuh pada filter dan dinding bagian dalam reaktor yang merupakan karakteristik dari biomasa bakteri anammox.Kata kunci: anammox, Indonesia, Telaga Koto Baru, tropis

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