Exenatide reduces food intake and activates the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract and the dorsal vagal complex of the hindbrain in the rat by a GLP-1 receptor

2010 ◽  
Vol 1344 ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha C. Washington ◽  
Shannon J. Raboin ◽  
William Thompson ◽  
Christina J. Larsen ◽  
Ayman I. Sayegh
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex

Brain-Gut Communication: Vagovagal Reflexes Interconnect the Two "Brains"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex

The gastrointestinal tract has its own "brain", the enteric nervous system or ENS, that executes routine housekeeping functions of digestion. The dorsal vagal complex in the CNS brainstem, however, organizes vagovagal reflexes and establishes interconnections between the entire neuroaxis of the CNS and the gut. Thus, the dorsal vagal complex links the "ENS brain" to the "CNS brain". This brain-gut connectome provides reflex adjustments that optimize digestion and assimilation of nutrients and fluid. Vagovagal circuitry also generates the plasticity and adaptability needed to coordinate among organs, to maintain homeostasis, and to react to environmental situations. Arguably, this dynamic flexibility provided by the connectome may, in some circumstances, lead to or complicate maladaptive disorders.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture at ST36 Improve the Gastric Motility by Affecting Neurotransmitters in the Enteric Nervous System in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xu Han ◽  
Xiaoyan Chen ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Meirong Gong ◽  
Mengjiang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antral Motility ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively relieve hyperglycemia and gastric emptying disorders in diabetic gastroparesis (DGP). However, the effect of EA on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) gastroparesis and its mechanism in the enteric nervous system (ENS) are rarely studied. We investigated the therapeutic effect of EA at ST36 and its effect on the main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the ENS in DGP rats. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet for 2 weeks and injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg to induce T2DM. T2DM rats were divided into the diabetic mellitus (DM) group and the EA group. The control (CON) group comprised normal rats without any intervention. EA treatment was started 6 weeks after the induction of DM and continued for 5 weeks. The body weight and food intake of the rats were recorded every week. Blood glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, gastric emptying, and antral motility were measured after treatment. The expression of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in gastric antrum were quantified by western blotting and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The T2DM gastroparesis model was successfully established. EA treatment reduced the body weight, food intake, and blood glucose; improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; increased the gastric emptying rate, the mean antral pressure, and the amplitude of antral motility; and decreased the frequency of antral motility compared with those in the DM group. EA treatment increased the expression level of nNOS, ChAT, and PGP9.5 proteins, and nNOS and ChAT mRNA. The results suggested that EA at ST36 could ameliorate DGP, partly restore the damage to general neurons, and increase nNOS and ChAT in the gastric antrum. EA improved DGP partly via reducing the loss of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the ENS.

scholarly journals Recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration – a short review

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Florian Obermayr ◽  
Guido Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Sources

AbstractTherapeutic options to treat neurogenic motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are usually limited to symptomatic treatment. The capacity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to regenerate and the fact that progenitor cells of the enteric nervous system reside in the postnatal and adult gut led to the idea to develop cell-based strategies to treat ENS related disorders. This short review focuses on recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration, discussing advantages and disadvantages of various cell sources, functional impact of transplanted cells and highlights the challenges of translation of small animal studies to human application.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Gonkowski ◽  
Magdalena Gajęcka ◽  
Krystyna Makowska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.

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