scholarly journals Red Queen strange attractors in host–parasite replicator gene-for-gene coevolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1666-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Sardanyés ◽  
Ricard V. Solé
Keyword(s):  
Strange Attractors ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Gene For Gene

scholarly journals Antibiotic-driven Escape of Host in a Parasite-induced Red Queen Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Anzia ◽  
Jomar F. Rabajante
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stable Equilibrium ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Red Queen

AbstractWinnerless coevolution of hosts and parasites could exhibit Red Queen dynamics, which is characterized by parasite-driven cyclic switching of expressed host phenotypes. We hypothesize that the application of antibiotics to suppress the reproduction of parasites can provide opportunity for the hosts to escape such winnerless coevolution. Here, we formulate a minimal mathematical model of host-parasite interaction involving multiple host phenotypes that are targeted by adapting parasites. Our model predicts the levels of antibiotic effectiveness that can steer the parasite-driven cyclic switching of host phenotypes (heteroclinic oscillations) to a stable equilibrium of host survival. Our simulations show that uninterrupted application of antibiotic with high-level effectiveness (> 85%) is needed to escape the Red Queen dynamics. Intermittent and low level of antibiotic effectiveness are indeed useless to stop host-parasite coevolution. This study can be a guide in designing good practices and protocols to minimize risk of further progression of parasitic infections.

Host–parasite co-evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 389-416
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Meiotic Recombination ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Host Switching ◽  
Response To Selection ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Relative Migration

Macroevolutionary patterns concern phylogenies of hosts and their parasites. From those, co-speciation occurs; but host switching is a common evolutionary process and more likely when hosts are close phylogenetically and geographical ranges overlap. Microevolutionary processes refer to allele frequency changes within population. In arms races, traits of hosts and parasites evolve in one direction in response to selection by the other party. With selective sweeps, advantageous alleles rapidly spread in host or parasite population and can become fixed. With antagonistic negative frequency-dependent fluctuations (Red Queen dynamics) genetic polymorphism in populations can be maintained, even through speciation events. A Red Queen co-evolutionary process can favour sexual over asexual reproduction and maintain meiotic recombination despite its other disadvantages (two-fold cost of sex). Local adaptation of host and parasites exist in various combinations; the relative migration rates of the two parties, embedded in a geographical mosaic, are important for this process.

scholarly journals Stability of genetic polymorphism in host–parasite interactions

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 809-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélien Tellier ◽  
James K.M Brown
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Gene For Gene

Allelic diversity is common at host loci involved in parasite recognition, such as the major histocompatibility complex in vertebrates or gene-for-gene relationships in plants, and in corresponding loci encoding antigenic molecules in parasites. Diverse factors have been proposed in models to account for genetic polymorphism in host–parasite recognition. Here, a simple but general theory of host–parasite coevolution is developed. Coevolution implies the existence of indirect frequency-dependent selection (FDS), because natural selection on the host depends on the frequency of a parasite gene, and vice versa . It is shown that polymorphism can be maintained in both organisms only if there is negative, direct FDS, such that the strength of natural selection for the host resistance allele, the parasite virulence allele or both declines with increasing frequency of that allele itself. This condition may be fulfilled if the parasite has more than one generation in the same host individual, a feature which is common to most diseases. It is argued that the general theory encompasses almost all factors previously proposed to account for polymorphism at corresponding host and parasite loci, including those controlling gene-for-gene interactions.

scholarly journals The impact of environmental change on host–parasite coevolutionary dynamics

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1716) ◽  
pp. 2283-2292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Mostowy ◽  
Jan Engelstädter
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions ◽  
Gene For Gene

Environmental factors are known to affect the strength and the specificity of interactions between hosts and parasites. However, how this shapes patterns of coevolutionary dynamics is not clear. Here, we construct a simple mathematical model to study the effect of environmental change on host–parasite coevolutionary outcome when interactions are of the matching-alleles or the gene-for-gene type. Environmental changes may effectively alter the selective pressure and the level of specialism in the population. Our results suggest that environmental change altering the specificity of selection in antagonistic interactions can produce alternating time windows of cyclical allele-frequency dynamics and cessation thereof. This type of environmental impact can also explain the maintenance of polymorphism in gene-for-gene interactions without costs. Overall, our study points to the potential consequences of environmental variation in coevolution, and thus the importance of characterizing genotype-by-genotype-by-environment interactions in natural host–parasite systems, especially those that change the direction of selection acting between the two species.

scholarly journals Two Properties of a Gene-for-Gene Coevolution System under Human Perturbations

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 811-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sun ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Human Perturbation ◽  
Boom And Bust ◽  
Human Perturbations ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Gene For Gene

Recently, the gene-for-gene host-parasite coevolution model of Leonard was extended by incorporating two kinds of perturbations. The first kind was the natural perturbations that include those caused by pathogen migration between the two subpopulations of the host, forward and backward mutations in the host or pathogen populations, and some others. The second kind was human perturbations, such as constantly increasing the percentage of the resistant genotype within the host population each season. In this study, we quantitatively compared the two kinds of perturbations and extended the constantly changing human perturbation to include non-constant perturbations that are more likely to occur in the real world. Two properties of the modified Leonard model were revealed from this study. First, when both human perturbations and natural perturbations are involved, the effects of natural perturbations are very small compared with those of human perturbations. This finding ensures that, in the study of human perturbations, we can simplify the study by ignoring the effects of natural perturbations. Second, through the simulation of nonconstant perturbations, which assumes that the proportion of the resistant genotype of the host population increases over time, we found that the model reproduces the “boom and bust” epidemic cycles that are often found in agroecosystems.

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