scholarly journals The impact of environmental change on host–parasite coevolutionary dynamics

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1716) ◽  
pp. 2283-2292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Mostowy ◽  
Jan Engelstädter
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions ◽  
Gene For Gene

Environmental factors are known to affect the strength and the specificity of interactions between hosts and parasites. However, how this shapes patterns of coevolutionary dynamics is not clear. Here, we construct a simple mathematical model to study the effect of environmental change on host–parasite coevolutionary outcome when interactions are of the matching-alleles or the gene-for-gene type. Environmental changes may effectively alter the selective pressure and the level of specialism in the population. Our results suggest that environmental change altering the specificity of selection in antagonistic interactions can produce alternating time windows of cyclical allele-frequency dynamics and cessation thereof. This type of environmental impact can also explain the maintenance of polymorphism in gene-for-gene interactions without costs. Overall, our study points to the potential consequences of environmental variation in coevolution, and thus the importance of characterizing genotype-by-genotype-by-environment interactions in natural host–parasite systems, especially those that change the direction of selection acting between the two species.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental change on agriculture, nutrition and health: A framework with a focus on fruits and vegetables

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna L. Tuomisto ◽  
Pauline F.D. Scheelbeek ◽  
Zaid Chalabi ◽  
Rosemary Green ◽  
Richard D. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food System ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
Critical Pathways ◽  
The Impact

Environmental changes are likely to affect agricultural production over the next  decades. The interactions between environmental change, agricultural yields and crop quality, and the critical pathways to future diets and health outcomes are largely undefined. There are currently no quantitative models to test the impact of multiple environmental changes on nutrition and health outcomes. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we developed a framework to link the multiple interactions between environmental change, agricultural productivity and crop quality, population-level food availability, dietary intake and health outcomes, with a specific focus on fruits and vegetables. The main components of the framework consist of: i) socio-economic and societal factors, ii) environmental change stressors, iii) interventions and policies, iv) food system activities, v) food and nutrition security, and vi) health and well-being outcomes. The framework, based on currently available evidence, provides an overview of the multidimensional and complex interactions with feedback between environmental change, production of fruits and vegetables, diets and health, and forms the analytical basis for future modelling and scenario testing.

scholarly journals Parasite interactions in natural populations: insights from longitudinal data

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (7) ◽  
pp. 767-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TELFER ◽  
R. BIRTLES ◽  
M. BENNETT ◽  
X. LAMBIN ◽  
S. PATERSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
Field Vole ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Parasite Fitness ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

SUMMARYThe physiological and immunological state of an animal can be influenced by current infections and infection history. Consequently, both ongoing and previous infections can affect host susceptibility to another parasite, the biology of the subsequent infection (e.g. infection length) and the impact of infection on host morbidity (pathology). In natural populations, most animals will be infected by a succession of different parasites throughout the course of their lives, with probably frequent concomitant infections. The relative timing of different infections experienced by a host (i.e. the sequence of infection events), and the effects on factors such as host susceptibility and host survival, can only be derived from longitudinal data on individual hosts. Here we review some of the evidence for the impact of co-infection on host susceptibility, infection biology and pathology focusing on insights obtained from both longitudinal studies in humans and experiments that explicitly consider the sequence of infection. We then consider the challenges posed by longitudinal infection data collected from natural populations of animals. We illustrate their usefulness using our data of microparasite infections associated with field vole (Microtus agrestis) populations to examine impacts on susceptibility and infection length. Our primary aim is to describe an analytical approach that can be used on such data to identify interactions among the parasites. The preliminary analyses presented here indicate both synergistic and antagonistic interactions between microparasites within this community and emphasise that such interactions could have significant impacts on host-parasite fitness and dynamics.

scholarly journals Slower environmental change hinders adaptation from standing genetic variation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago S. Guzella ◽  
Snigdhadip Dey ◽  
Ivo M. Chelo ◽  
Ania Pino-Querido ◽  
Veronica F. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Standing Variation ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Population Sizes

AbstractEvolutionary responses to environmental change depend on the time available for adaptation before environmental degradation leads to extinction. Explicit tests of this relationship are limited to microbes where adaptation depends on the order of mutation accumulation, excluding standing genetic variation which is key for most natural species. When adaptation is determined by the amount of heritable genotype-by-environment fitness variance then genetic drift and/or maintenance of similarly fit genotypes may deter adaptation to slower the environmental changes. To address this hypothesis, we perform experimental evolution with self-fertilizing populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and develop a new inference model that follows pre-existing genotypes to describe natural selection in changing environments. Under an abrupt change, we find that selection rapidly increases the frequency of genotypes with high fitness in the most extreme environment. In contrast, under slower environmental change selection favors those genotypes that are worse at the most extreme environment. We further demonstrate with a second set of evolution experiments that, as a consequence of slower environmental change, population bottlenecks and small population sizes lead to the loss of beneficial genotypes, while maintenance of polymorphism impedes their fixation in large populations. Taken together, these results indicate that standing variation for genotype-by-environment fitness interactions alters the pace and outcome of adaptation under environmental change.

Gene-for-gene interactions between the rye mildew fungus and wheat cultivars

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tosa
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Erysiphe Graminis ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Gene For Gene

Genetic mechanisms of the incompatibility between Erysiphe graminis f.sp. secalis and wheat cultivars were analyzed using F1 hybrids between E. graminis f.sp. secalis, Sk-1, and f.sp. tritici, Tk-1. The avirulence of Sk-1 on Triticum aestivum 'Norin 4', 'Chinese Spring', and 'Kokeshi-komugi' was controlled by a single gene. The resistance of the three cultivars to Sk-1 was also controlled by a single gene, Pm15, a gene for resistance to E. graminis f.sp. agropyri. Implications of these results were discussed in terms of host–parasite coevolution.Key words: powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis, resistance, wheat.

scholarly journals Students’ Environmental Attitudes in the Context of Education for Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Education For Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecological Education ◽  
The Impact

The results of two empirical studies of environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior of students studying in different fields (samples of 230 and 132 students) are considered. The features of ecological representations of students of ecological specialties at the beginning and at the end of vocational training are determined. Comparison of the effectiveness of professional ecological education and biological education as education for sustainable development indicates a more pronounced impact of ecological education on the formation of pro-environmental attitudes and readiness for pro-environmental behavior. The dynamics of the attitude to global environmental changes among students of the Faculty of Ecology is determined: from consumer attitude to nature, which is combined with a relatively strong belief that money is the key to solving environmental problems, environmental students come to believe in the priority of the world environmental problems. Changes in worldviews are accompanied by an intensification of pro-ecological behavior in everyday life. The impact of ecological education as the education for sustainable development on personality attitudes manifests itself in two ways - in attitudes to the problem of environmental change and in attitudes toward the natural world. The awareness of the importance of anthropogenic environmental change is accompanied by the clarifying of ideas about money as a universal means of solving environmental problems and the awareness of the importance of environmental change not only for humans but also for other species. An important result of these changes is the increased pro-environmental orientation of everyday behavior.

Impact of eutrophication on wood frog, Rana sylvatica, tadpoles infected with Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1315-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.K. Belden
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Wood Frogs ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Second Intermediate Host ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Echinostoma Trivolvis

In freshwater systems, environmental changes, such as eutrophication, are occurring that could impact the outcome of host–parasite interactions. Using tadpole infection with trematode cercariae as a host–parasite system, this study examined (i) growth, development, and maintenance of trematode ( Echinostoma trivolvis (Cort, 1914)) infection levels in second intermediate host larval wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica LeConte, 1825) and (ii) post-infection impacts of eutrophication on R. sylvatica tadpoles infected to varying degrees with E. trivolvis cercariae. Results from the first experiment suggest no impact of infection with 50 cercariae on R. sylvatica growth and development compared with uninfected controls. Results from the second experiment, investigating the impact of eutrophication on infected tadpoles, showed that survival to metamorphosis of the individuals in the highest infection treatment (80 cercariae) was reduced regardless of eutrophication treatment. However, for individuals surviving infection with 80 cercariae and for individuals infected with only 20 cercariae, no impact of infection on mass at metamorphosis was documented, although individuals were larger at metamorphosis in the eutrophic tanks. These data demonstrate that infection with E. trivolvis can impact R. sylvatica survivorship, at least above some threshold infection level, and that eutrophication may have minimal impacts on tadpole hosts once infection has occurred.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental change on population nutrition and health: A comprehensive framework with a focus on fruits and vegetables

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna L. Tuomisto ◽  
Pauline F.D. Scheelbeek ◽  
Zaid Chalabi ◽  
Rosemary Green ◽  
Richard D. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Change ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
The Impact

Environmental changes are likely to affect agricultural production over the next 20–30 years. The interactions between environmental change, agricultural yields and crop quality, and the critical pathways to future diets and health outcomes remain largely undefined. There are currently no quantitative models to test the impact of multiple environmental changes on nutrition and health outcomes. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we developed a framework to link the multiple interactions between environmental change, agricultural productivity and crop quality, population-level food availability, dietary intake and health outcomes, with a specific focus on fruits and vegetables. The main components of the framework consist of: i) socio-economic and societal factors, ii) environmental change stressors, iii) interventions and policies, iv) food system activities, v) food and nutrition security, and vi) health and well-being outcomes. The framework, based on currently available evidence, provides an overview of the multidimensional and complex interactions between environmental change, diets and health, and forms the analytical baseline for future modelling and scenario testing. The framework identifies the inter-sectoral datasets and models that need to be defined and populated to assess the impacts of environmental change on agricultural production, food availability, nutrition and population health.

scholarly journals Effects of environmental change on wildlife health

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1534) ◽  
pp. 3429-3438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse ◽  
Amanda L. J. Duffus
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
Wildlife Health ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

Environmental change has negatively affected most biological systems on our planet and is becoming of increasing concern for the well-being and survival of many species. At an organism level, effects encompass not only endocrine disruptions, sex-ratio changes and decreased reproductive parameters, but also include teratogenic and genotoxic effects, immunosuppression and other immune-system impairments that can lead directly to disease or increase the risk of acquiring disease. Living organisms will strive to maintain health by recognizing and resolving abnormal situations, such as the presence of invading microorganisms or harmful peptides, abnormal cell replication and deleterious mutations. However, fast-paced environmental changes may pose additional pressure on immunocompetence and health maintenance, which may seriously impact population viability and persistence. Here, we outline the importance of a functional immune system for survival and examine the effects that exposure to a rapidly changing environment might exert on immunocompetence. We then address the various levels at which anthropogenic environmental change might affect wildlife health and identify potential deficits in reproductive parameters that might arise owing to new immune challenges in the context of a rapidly changing environment. Throughout the paper, a series of examples and case studies are used to illustrate the impact of environmental change on wildlife health.

Genetic Variation: Impact on Folate (and Choline) Bioefficacy

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (45) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson A. West ◽  
Marie A. Caudill
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gene Interactions ◽  
Dietary Folate ◽  
Methyl Donors ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
One Carbon Metabolism ◽  
The Impact

Folate and choline are water-soluble micronutrients that serve as methyl donors in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Inadequacy of these nutrients can disturb one-carbon metabolism as evidenced by alterations in circulating folate and/or plasma homocysteine. Among common genetic variants that reside in genes regulating folate absorptive and metabolic processes, homozygosity for the MTHFR 677C > T variant has consistently been shown to have robust effects on status markers. This paper will review the impact of genetic variants in folate-metabolizing genes on folate and choline bioefficacy. Nutrient-gene and gene-gene interactions will be considered along with the need to account for these genetic variants when updating dietary folate and choline recommendations.

Designing a CRM Framework for online & offline sports footwear retailers

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Cueva ◽  
Guillem Rufian ◽  
Maria Gabriela Valdes
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Impact

The use of Customer Relationship Managers to foster customers loyalty has become one of the most common business strategies in the past years.  However, CRM solutions do not fill the abundance of happily ever-after relationships that business needs, and each client’s perception is different in the buying process.  Therefore, the experience must be precise, in order to extend the loyalty period of a customer as much as possible. One of the economic sectors in which CRM’s have improved this experience is retailing, where the personalized attention to the customer is a key factor.  However, brick and mortar experiences are not enough to be aware in how environmental changes could affect the industry trends in the long term.  A base unified theoretical framework must be taken into consideration, in order to develop an adaptable model for constructing or implementing CRMs into companies. Thanks to this approximation, the information is complemented, and the outcome will increment the quality in any Marketing/Sales initiative. The goal of this article is to explore the different factors grouped by three main domains within the impact of service quality, from a consumer’s perspective, in both on-line and off-line retailing sector.  Secondly, we plan to go a step further and extract base guidelines about previous analysis for designing CRM’s solutions focused on the loyalty of the customers for a specific retailing sector and its product: Sports Running Shoes.

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