Abstract
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been associated with impaired cognition in different cognitive domains. This study investigated the association between MetS and cognitive functioning in middle-aged Bulgarians across different definitions of MetS severity.
Material and Methods
Our cross-sectional sample included 112 participants (67 free of MetS and 45 with MetS) with a mean age of 50.04 ± 3.31 years. The following MetS variables were considered—presence of MetS, continuously measured MetS components, dichotomized MetS components, number of MetS components present, and Metabolic Syndrome Severity Score (MSSS). Participants’ cognitive performance was assessed using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuropsychological Battery (CERAD-NB). We employed multivariate regression models to investigate the associations between different measures of MetS severity and CERAD-NB total and subtest scores.
Results
Bivariate analyses showed that the CERAD-NB total score was significantly higher in women, participants with a university degree, those with normal blood pressure, normal waist circumference, and low triglyceride levels, compared with their counterparts. MetS participants had lower CERAD-NB total score (78.87 ± 6.89 vs. 84.97 ± 7.84) and specifically performed poorer on the subtest Word List Recall (7.16 ± 1.52 vs. 7.99 ± 1.52). These findings persisted after controlling for age, gender, and education. Next, generalized linear regression indicated that the CERAD-NB total score was lower in participants with MetS (β = −4.86; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −7.60, −2.11), those with more MetS components (β = −8.31; 95% CI: −14.13, −2.50 for fours vs. 0 components) and with an increase in MSSS (β = −3.19; 95% CI: −4.67, −1.71). Hypertension independently contributed to lower CERAD-NB total score (β = −4.00; 95% CI: −6.81, −1.19).
Conclusions
Across several definitions, MetS was associated with lower cognitive functioning, and MetS severity appeared to be a better predictor than most MetS components. Recognizing and reducing severity of MetS components might be helpful in supporting cognitive functioning. Further longitudinal research is needed to shed more light on the relationship between MetS and cognitive functioning across the life span.
Does Cognitive Functioning Mediate the Well-Documented Link between Education and Functional Disability in Middle-Aged Adults?
