Preventive field application of Metarhizium brunneum in cover crops for wireworm control

Subsoiling has been acknowledged worldwide to break compacted hardpan, improve soil permeability and water storage capacity, and promote topsoil deepening and root growth. However, there exist certain factors which limit the wide in-field application of subsoiling machines. Of these factors, the main two are poor subsoiling quality and high energy consumption, especially the undesired tillage depth obtained in the field with cover crops. Based on the analysis of global adoption and benefits of subsoiling technology, and application status of subsoiling machines, this article reviewed the research methods, technical characteristics, and developing trends in five key aspects, including subsoiling shovel design, anti-drag technologies, technologies of tillage depth detection and control, and research on soil mechanical interaction. Combined with the research progress and application requirements of subsoiling machines across the globe, current problems and technical difficulties were analyzed and summarized. Aiming to solve these problems, improve subsoiling quality, and reduce energy consumption, this article proposed future directions for the development of subsoiling machines, including optimizing the soil model in computer simulation, strengthening research on the subsoiling mechanism and comprehensive effect, developing new tillage depth monitoring and control systems, and improving wear-resisting properties of subsoiling shovels.

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Preventative Approach to Microbial Control of Capnodis tenebrionis by Soil Application of Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11050319 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 319

Author(s):

Dana Ment ◽

Hysen Kokiçi ◽

Enrico de Lillo

Keyword(s):

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Microbial Control ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Field Application ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Metarhizium Brunneum ◽

Root Localization ◽

Neonate Larvae ◽

Preventative Approach ◽

Colonization Rates

Management of the Mediterranean flat-headed root-borer, Capnodis tenebrionis, is critical due to the larvae’s root localization. Neonate larvae can be exposed to natural enemies before penetrating the roots. Application of Metarhizium brunneum strain Mb7 and Beauveria bassiana strain GHA formulations on rice granules was investigated for their efficacy against C. tenebrionis larvae. Mb7 application, evaluated on apricot twigs, significantly and dose-dependently reduced colonization rates of neonates, with highest mortality at 108 conidia/g soil. Neonate susceptibility to Mb7 and GHA was evaluated on potted rootstocks (GF677 almond × peach, 2729 plum) planted in entomopathogenic fungi (EPF)-premixed soil (1.3–1.6 × 105 conidia/cm3 soil) or in EPF-free soil surface-treated with 5 g Mb7 fungal granules (1.25 × 109 conidia). Larval colonization rates were reduced 7.4-fold in 2729 by both fungi; only Mb7 completely prevented colonization of GF677 by larvae. Larvae inside plant galleries exhibited mycosis with EPF-treated soils and both fungi proliferated on larval frass. Mb7 conidia germinated in the rhizosphere of GF677, and conidia of both fungi remained viable throughout the trial. Galleria baiting technique was used on EPF-treated soil to evaluate EPF infectivity over time; Mb7 and GHA persisted 180 and 90 days post inoculation, respectively. The formulation (fungus-covered rice grains), delivery method (mixing with soil) and persistence (3–6 months) of Mb7 and GHA are feasible for potential field application to control C. tenebrionis.

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Interseeded annual ryegrass, oilseed radish, and crimson clover tolerance to residual herbicides commonly used in corn

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.90 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

Aaron P Brooker ◽

Christy L Sprague ◽

Karen A Renner

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

The United States ◽

Field Trials ◽

Field Application ◽

Species Selection ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Crop Species ◽

Crimson Clover ◽

Oilseed Radish ◽

Application Rates

AbstractCover cropping is limited by seasonal constraints following corn harvest in the Upper Midwest of the United States. Grass, clover, and brassica cover crops can be interseeded in corn; however, this is problematic because cover crops must tolerate herbicide applications to manage weeds. The objective of this research was to determine the tolerance of broadcast interseeded annual ryegrass, oilseed radish, and crimson clover to PRE and POST residual herbicide applications in corn. From 2016 to 2018 field trials were conducted in Michigan to determine the tolerance of annual ryegrass, oilseed radish, and crimson clover to 13 PRE and 14 POST (applied to V2 corn) herbicides. Cover crops were interseeded into corn at the V3 and V6 stages. Greenhouse experiments to evaluate these species were also conducted from 2016 to 2018; PRE and POST herbicides were applied at 1×, 0.5×, and 0.25× (0.25× was PRE only) of field-application rates. Based on these results, annual ryegrass can be interseeded into V3 or V6 corn following a PRE application of atrazine, clopyralid, saflufenacil, bicyclopyrone, isoxaflutole, or mesotrione, or a POST application of atrazine, bromoxynil, or mesotrione. Oilseed radish can be interseeded into V3 or V6 corn following a PRE application of clopyralid, atrazine, S-metolachlor, bicyclopyrone, or isoxaflutole or at V6 following application of acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, or mesotrione. Oilseed radish can also be interseeded following POST application of atrazine (571 g ai ha−1), bromoxynil, fluthiacet, acetochlor, mesotrione, dicamba + diflufenzopyr, or dimethenamid-P + topramezone. In greenhouse trials, crimson clover was tolerant to rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, and pyroxasulfone applied PRE. Annual ryegrass and oilseed radish can be interseeded into corn at the V3 and V6 stages, but special attention must be given to cover crop species selection and herbicide label restrictions when following herbicide applications in corn.

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Cover crops

AccessScience ◽

10.1036/1097-8542.165900 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops

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427. Field Application of an Ergonomic Risk Assessment Process Through Technology Transfer: From Ergonomist to Industrial Hygienist

10.3320/1.2763783 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

T. Smolar ◽

R. Gelatt

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Technology Transfer ◽

Field Application ◽

Assessment Process ◽

Risk Assessment Process ◽

Industrial Hygienist ◽

Ergonomic Risk Assessment ◽

Ergonomic Risk

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New Technologies to Combat Herbicide Resistance

Outlooks on Pest Management ◽

10.1564/v30_apr_09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 90-92

Author(s):

Rob Edwards

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Cover Crops ◽

New Technologies ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Arable Land ◽

Limited Range ◽

Cultural Control ◽

Arable Farming ◽

The Uk

Herbicide resistance in problem weeds is now a major threat to global food production, being particularly widespread in wild grasses affecting cereal crops. In the UK, black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) holds the title of number one agronomic problem in winter wheat, with the loss of production associated with herbicide resistance now estimated to cost the farming sector at least £0.5 billion p.a. Black-grass presents us with many of the characteristic traits of a problem weed; being highly competitive, genetically diverse and obligately out-crossing, with a growth habit that matches winter wheat. With the UK’s limited arable crop rotations and the reliance on the repeated use of a very limited range of selective herbicides we have been continuously performing a classic Darwinian selection for resistance traits in weeds that possess great genetic diversity and plasticity in their growth habits. The result has been inevitable; the steady rise of herbicide resistance across the UK, which now affects over 2.1 million hectares of some of our best arable land. Once the resistance genie is out of the bottle, it has proven difficult to prevent its establishment and spread. With the selective herbicide option being no longer effective, the options are to revert to cultural control; changing rotations and cover crops, manual rogueing of weeds, deep ploughing and chemical mulching with total herbicides such as glyphosate. While new precision weeding technologies are being developed, their cost and scalability in arable farming remains unproven. As an agricultural scientist who has spent a working lifetime researching selective weed control, we seem to be giving up on a technology that has been a foundation stone of the green revolution. For me it begs the question, are we really unable to use modern chemical and biological technology to counter resistance? I would argue the answer to that question is most patently no; solutions are around the corner if we choose to develop them.

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