Organophosphate flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A, and their transformation products in sediment of e-waste dismantling areas and the flame-retardant production base

Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.

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Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Composites Using NMH or NMH/MCA/APP

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1208 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 189-193 ◽

pp. 1208-1211 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yan Shen ◽

Shao Guo Wen ◽

Ji Hu Wang ◽

Hong Bo Liu ◽

Hai Liang Qi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Magnesium Hydroxide ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Polyamide 6 ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Upward Trend ◽

Orthorhombic Crystal ◽

Orthorhombic Crystal Structure ◽

Orthogonal Experiments ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this paper, flame retardant Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites were prepared by nano-magnesium hydroxide (NMH) or its composites with melamine cyanurate(MCA) and ammonium polyphosphate(APP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the structure of nano-magnesium hydroxide. The properties including tensile properties, molten index (MFI), rockwell hardness and density of flame retardant PA6 were analyzed. Orthogonal experiments were used to study flame retardancy of PA6 with NMH, MCA and APP. The results showed NMH had hexagonal orthorhombic crystal structure with size of 300×200×100nm. Density of polyamide 6 showed an upward trend when the content of NMH was increasing, the mechanical properties and hardness changed little while processing performance serious declined. The flame retardance of nitrogen-phosphorus -inorganic flame retardants was not desirable.

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Surface Addition of Flame Retardants in Acrylic Cast Sheets

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490418400200106 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 60-69

Author(s):

Gaetano Guerra ◽

Vincenzo Riccio ◽

Luigi Nicolais

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants

A technique for the addition of flame retardants into outer layers of polymeric articles rather than in the whole mass is described. It is pointed out that this technique can be usefully applied in incorporating some flame retardant ad ditives in acrylic cast sheets.

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Comparative toxicity of a brominated flame retardant (tetrabromobisphenol A) on microalgae with single and multi-species bioassays

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.036 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 50-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Timothée Debenest ◽

Anne-Nöelle Petit ◽

François Gagné ◽

Mohan Kohli ◽

Nien Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Tetrabromobisphenol A ◽

Brominated Flame Retardant ◽

Comparative Toxicity

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Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Containing Microcapsules

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1346 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 197-198 ◽

pp. 1346-1349 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fa Chao Wu

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Melamine Resin ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Ul 94

Bis(2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol) melaminium salt (Melabis) and microcapsules of Melabis with melamine resin shell as flame retardants (FR), respectively, were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by NMR, IR, SEM, TG and element analysis. 20% weight of microcapsules was doped into epoxy resins (EP) to get 28.5 % of LOI and UL 94 V-0. The heat and smoke release of EP containing microcapsules was valued by cone calorimeter.

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Properties of Flame-Retardant Cellulose Fibers Prepared from Cellulose[Amim]Cl Dope Solution

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.1152 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 236-238 ◽

pp. 1152-1155

Author(s):

Lei Gao ◽

Bo Wen Cheng ◽

Jun Song ◽

Zeng Geng Guo ◽

Fei Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Cellulose Fibers ◽

Structure And Properties ◽

Fiber Structure ◽

Fiber Degradation ◽

Dope Solution ◽

Flame Retardant Properties

This paper has studied the structure and flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with DDPSN as flame retardant. The flame retardants was uniformly dispersed in the cellulose /[Amim]Cl Solution to obtain the good spinnable dope, then the dope was wet-spun. Effects of the flame-retardant contention the fiber structure and properties were investigated. The surface of the flame-retardant cellulose fiber was observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Besides, through the Simultaneous thermal analysis, it has been shown that, with the increase of fame retardant, the degree of fame resistance was obviously improved. The flame retardant acted greatly in condensed phase during the fiber degradation and remained mainly in residues after degradation, the experiments show that the flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with 20wt% DDPSN was obvious.

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Analytical and environmental aspects of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivatives

Journal of Chromatography A ◽

10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.035 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1216 (3) ◽

pp. 346-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 255

Author(s):

Adrian Covaci ◽

Stefan Voorspoels ◽

Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah ◽

Tinne Geens ◽

Stuart Harrad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Tetrabromobisphenol A ◽

Environmental Aspects

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Wool: Its Effect On Flame Retardant Properties of Blend Fabrics

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490418300100205 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 145-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

John V. Beninate ◽

Brenda J. Trask ◽

Timothy A. Calamari ◽

George L. Drake

Keyword(s):

Thermal Degradation ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Oxygen Index ◽

Cotton Fabrics ◽

Cotton Wool ◽

Burning Rates ◽

Low Levels ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Strength Retention

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants were applied to twill fabrics con taining cotton and wool to study the effect of wool on the flame retardancy and physical properties of the blend fabrics. The presence of wool in untreated blend fabrics caused burning rates to decrease and oxygen index values to increase as wool content increased in the blends. These effects were also observed in cotton/ wool blends treated with low levels of the Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant, but were less pronounced in fabrics treated at high levels. Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to study the thermal degradation of the treated and untreated fabrics. The presence of wool in treated blend fabrics did not sig nificantly change strength retention, area shrinkage and wrinkle recovery values in comparison to similarly treated 100% cotton fabrics.

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