Genotoxicity by long-term exposure to the auxinic herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and dicamba on Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

A winter gibberellic acid (GA3) spray consistently reduced flower formation, but had a variable effect on the amount of first-grade fruit in the early harvest of `Clausellina' satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.), and in the long term these applications had no significant effect on the value of the crop. Auxin applications increased the amount of first grade-early harvested fruit, and increased crop value as compared to hand-thinned trees. No significant differences in yield or fruit grade could be found among the different auxin applications tried, namely an application of 20 mg·L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at flowering, or applications of 25 mg·L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), or 50 mg·L-1 2,4-dicholorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4-DP) at the end of fruitlet abscission. Apart from their effect on size, the auxin applications had only a marginal effect on fruit quality.

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Establishment of Fine Suspension Cultures of Triticum tauschii ([Coss.] Schmal.) which remain Embryogenic for Several Years

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt97109 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 611

Author(s):

Shoukat Afshar-Sterle ◽

James F. Kollmorgen ◽

Geoffrey B. Fincher

Keyword(s):

Suspension Cultures ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

D Genome ◽

Triticum Tauschii ◽

Initiation Phase ◽

Genome Donor ◽

Embryogenic Suspension ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Term Maintenance

Immature embryos of 10 accessions of Triticum tauschii, the D genome donor of Triticum aestivum, were used to produce embryogenic callus for the initiation of suspension cultures. For the long-term maintenance of embryogenicity of these suspensions, it was necessary to use different media for the initiation, establishment and maintenance phases. The initiation phase required media supplemented with L-proline, L-asparagine and L-glutamine, together with Dicamba at 12 mg L −1 and maltose. In the establishment phase, it was essential to reduce the concentration of Dicamba to 6 mg L −1 for the rapid production of fine suspension cultures. Finally, the long-term maintenance of a capacity for regeneration depended on the inclusion of 1.1 mg L −1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 30 g L −1 sucrose in the medium. By the use of these procedures, long-term embryogenic fine suspension cultures were established from two accessions, while non-embryogenic fine suspension cultures were produced from five accessions. Over 90% of plants regenerated from fine suspensions of 1-year-old embryogenic cultures were fertile, and embryogenic suspension cultures retained their regeneration capacity for more than 3 years.

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Short-Term Growth Response to Growth Regulators In Roots of Zea Mays

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9680201 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 201 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DE Bottrill ◽

JB Hanson

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Growth Response ◽

Similar Degree ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Short Term ◽

Irreversible Inhibition ◽

Wide Range ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Indole 3 Acetic Acid

A study was made of the inhibition of root growth in Z. mays by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,6�T), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) over a wide range of concentrations. IAA and 2,4�D caused identical responses whereas the response to 2,4,6-T was different. Application of 2,4.D or IAA at concentrations of 4�5xl0-4M for 5 min resulted in an immediate reversible inhibition of root growth whereas long-term application gave an irreversible inhibition. The same concentration of 2,4,6-T caused a similar degree of inhibition of root growth, but only after an extended treatment, and the roots could then recover from the inhibition in the presence of the chemical.

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COMPARISON OF PREVENTIVE ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS UNDER PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AMINE SALT OF 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії ◽

10.31718/2077-1096.20.1.55 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 55-58

Author(s):

Y.A. Tarasenko ◽

O.O. Tykhonova ◽

T.F. Deynega ◽

O.A. Volkova

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Free Radical ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Amine Salt ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Radical Processes

The article describes the study on the effectiveness of remedies possessing antioxidant properties for chemoprevention of the consequences caused by pesticides toxic effects. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives, and namely, amine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid are known as one of the most widely distributed compounds in agriculture. The activation of the free radical processes is considered as a universal mechanism of the damage to biological membranes during chronic intoxication by phenoxyacid derivatives. This work is aimed to compare the preventive effect of the synthetic and natural antioxidants under long-term exposure to the 2,4 - dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The experiment was performed on Wistar male rats, which received synthetic and natural antioxidants against the background of toxicant administration. Long-term effects of the pesticide caused the activation of the processes of free radical lipid peroxidation, reduced antioxidant supply and activity of antioxidant enzymes. The introduction of medicines with antioxidant properties helped to reduce the content of products of free radical processes, to inhibit the drop of body antioxidant supply and to normalize the activity of antioxidant enzymes. According to the experimental data obtained, the complex of natural antioxidants (tocopherol acetate, ascorbic acid and quercetin) has the most pronounced corrective properties. This enables us to recommend them for chemocorrection of pathological changes resulted from prolonged exposure to pesticides.

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Seasonal variability, long-term distribution (2001–2014), and risk assessment of polar organic micropollutants in the Baltic Sea

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-13254-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kathrin Fisch ◽

Berit Brockmeyer ◽

Wolfgang Gerwinski ◽

Detlef E. Schulz-Bull ◽

Norbert Theobald

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Time Trends ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Phenoxyacetic Acid ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Data Set ◽

Long Time ◽

The Baltic ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

AbstractFrom 2001 to 2014, 13 surveys were conducted in the Baltic Sea, to determine its pollution of 50 micropollutants. The investigations focused mostly on the German western Baltic Sea; in 2008, one survey covered the entire Baltic Sea. Various groups of herbicides (such as triazines, phenoxyacetic acid, phenylurea), perfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products were analyzed during these surveys. The highest concentrations (median 1 to 4 ng/L) were observed for atrazine, simazine, chloridazone, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, benzotriazole, primidone, and carbamazepine. Most micropollutants exhibited a relatively homogenous spatial distribution, though some herbicides show elevated concentrations in certain regions (e.g., Odra estuary), indicating a riverine input. The data set was analyzed, both for seasonal influences and long-time trends. Some herbicides exhibited higher concentrations during summertime. Both upward- and downward-directed time trends could be identified for some herbicides and perfluorinated compounds. For most of the detected compounds, a low-risk quotient was calculated. Only the occurrence of carbendazim could potentially pose a higher risk to the Baltic Sea.

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Long-term culture with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid affects embryogenic competence in sugarcane callus via changes in starch, polyamine and protein profiles

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) ◽

10.1007/s11240-019-01737-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 140 (2) ◽

pp. 415-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lucas Z. Passamani ◽

Ricardo S. Reis ◽

Ellen M. Vale ◽

Kariane R. Sousa ◽

Victor P. M. Aragão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Protein Profiles ◽

Embryogenic Competence ◽

Long Term Culture ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

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In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Callus Derived from Marubakaido Apple Rootstock under Different Aluminium Concentrations

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.460e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 460e-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marisa F. de Oliveira ◽

Gerson R. de L. Fortes ◽

João B. da Silva

Keyword(s):

Shoot Regeneration ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Apple Rootstock ◽

Under Five ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Previously Treated ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

The aim of this work was to evaluate the organogenesis of Marubakaido apple rootstock under different aluminium concentratons. The explants were calli derived from apple internodes treated with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pichloram at 0.5 and 1.0 μM and under five different aluminium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L). These calli were then treated with aluminium at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. It was observed shoot regeneration only for those calli previously treated with pichloram. There were no significant difference among the aluminium concentrations.

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Characterization of the Reproductive Mode in Guayule In Vitro

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.483a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 483a-483

Author(s):

Roy N. Keys ◽

Dennis T. Ray ◽

David A. Dierig

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Reproductive Mode ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Initial Field ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Reproductive Modes ◽

Desert Southwest ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is a latex-producing perennial desert shrub that is potentially of economic importance as an industrial crop for the desert Southwest. It is known to possess complex reproductive modes. Diploids are predominantly sexual and self-incompatible, while polyploids show a range of apomictic potential and self-compatibility. This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid and simple technique for characterizing reproductive modes of breeding lines of P. argentatum. Initial field experiments were based on an auxin test used successfully to characterize reproductive mode in the Poaceae. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited embryo formation in P. argentatum, but this was not the case with other auxins tested. Results of field experiments were ambiguous because: 1) the floral structure of P. argentatum is such that auxins might not have penetrated to the ovules, and 2) there was potential self-fertilization by pollen released within isolation bags. Therefore, in vitro culture of flower heads was tested because it provided much better control of environmental conditions, growth regulator application, and pollen release. Auxin alone, or in combination with gibberellic acid or kinetin, inhibited parthenogenesis in vitro. Embryo production did not vary using two substantially different nutrient media. In vitro flower head culture using a (Nitsch and Nitsch) liquid nutrient medium without growth regulators, enabled characterization of the reproductive mode of seven breeding lines, ranging from predominantly sexual to predominantly apomictic. The results of this technique were substantiated using RAPD analyzes of progeny arrays from controlled crosses.

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The role of a metabolic intermediate in the biodegradation of inhibitory substrates

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0352 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 27-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Mungkarndee ◽

S. M. Rao Bhamidimarri ◽

A. J. Mawson ◽

R. Chong

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Metabolic Product ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Mutual Inhibition ◽

Metabolic Intermediate ◽

Batch Cultures ◽

Ortho Cresol ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Biodegradation of the mixed inhibitory substrates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and para-chloro-ortho-cresol (PCOC) was studied in aerobic batch cultures. Each substrate added beyond certain concentrations inhibited the degradation of the other. This mutual inhibition was found to be enhanced by 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) which is an intermediate metabolic product of 2,4-D. When 2,4-DCP accumulated to approximatelY 40 mg/l degradation of all compounds in the mixed 2,4-D and PCOC substrate system was completely inhibited. The degradation of 2,4-D and PCOC individually was also found to be inhibited by elevated concentrations of 2,4-DCP added externally, while PCOC inhibited the utilization of the intermediate.

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