Vertical migration of microplastics along soil profile under different crop root systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 116833
Author(s):  
Haixiao Li ◽  
Xueqiang Lu ◽  
Shiyu Wang ◽  
Boyang Zheng ◽  
Yan Xu
Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mcgarry

Differences in growth, yield and root systems of two adjoining cotton crops on a Vertisol near Dalby, Queensland, were explained in terms of soil profile morphology and soil shrinkage indices. The soil beneath the strongly inferior crop had platy structure in the 0.05-0.28 m layer and significantly less air-filled specific pore volume in the 0.2-0.4 m layer. This soil structure degradation was caused by seedbed preparation of wet soil, prior to sowing the cotton crop.


Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
D Mcgarry

Differences in growth, yield and root systems of two adjoining cotton crops on a Vertisol near Dalby, Queensland, were explained in terms of soil profile morphology and soil shrinkage indices. The soil beneath the strongly inferior crop had platy structure in the 0.05-0.28 m layer and significantly less air-filled specific pore volume in the 0.2-0.4 m layer. This soil structure degradation was caused by seedbed preparation of wet soil, prior to sowing the cotton crop.


2016 ◽  
Vol 538 ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Willibald Loiskandl ◽  
Hans-Peter Kaul ◽  
Margarita Himmelbauer ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Hector ◽  
K. Gregson ◽  
M. McGowan

Author(s):  
Rima Ladygienė ◽  
Asta Orentienė ◽  
Laura Žukauskienė

The article describes the results of the radiological measurements of 137Cs in the soil profile, explains vertical migration coefficients of this radionuclide and discusses internal doses of 137Cs found in food and received through the food chain from soil to milk and meat. Sampling was performed in the northern part of Vilnius district and covered the territories, including Antakalniai village, territory in the south east close to Maišiagala, Mykoliškių village, Karveliškės rural region, territory in the east from Nemenčinė village and Stražninkai rural region. Radiological investigation into soil at a depth of up to 30 cm showed that the concentration of 137Cs activity was in the range from 0.6±0.4 Bq/kg to 5.3±0.4 Bq/kg. The vertical migration of 137Cs indicated two pikes in five sampling places. The first one is related to the contamination of the environment after the accident at Chernobyl NPP, whereas the second one – to the contamination of territory during the tests on nuclear weapons in open air in northern hemisphere. These pikes were not detected in the soil samples taken close to Antakalniai village. Thus, a conclusion that soil was disturbed during agricultural works at the sampling place was made. The highest concentration of 137Cs activity is located at a depth of 5–10 and 15–20 cm where radiocesium is available for vegetation and can get through the food chain to humans. Public estimation shows that the highest dose of 137Cs found in milk and meat has been discovered in Stražninkai (5.5±0.1 µSv) while the lowest one – in a small village near Maišiagala (2.3±0.1 µSv). These doses constitute only 0.5% of annual dose limit for public. Santrauka Apžvelgiami radiologinių tyrimų rezultatai, analizuojant dirvožemio mėginius pagal profilinį giluminį pasiskirstymą. Nustatyti skirtingų dirvožemio sluoksnių 137Cs savitųjų aktyvumų santykio bei migracijos iš viršutiniojo į gilesnius dirvožemio sluoksnius koeficientai. Įvertinta 137Cs radionuklidų sukeliama efektinė apšvita, kurią gali patirti žmogus, 137Cs iš dirvožemio mitybos grandinėmis patekus į organizmą. Dirvožemio mėginiai atrinkti Vilniaus rajono šiaurinėje dalyje, Antakalnių gyvenvietėje, teritorijoje į pietryčius nuo Maišiagalos, Mykoliškių gyvenvietėje, Karveliškių kaime, teritorijoje į rytus nuo Nemenčinės bei Stražninkų kaime. Mėginiai imti iš iki 30 cm gylio ir dalyti į 6 sluoksnius po 5 cm. Ištyrus dirvožemio mėginius nustatyta, kad kintant gyliui 137Cs savitasis aktyvumas kinta nuo 0,6±0,4 Bq/kg iki 5,3±0,4 Bq/kg. Penkiose iš šešių tirtų vietovių imtuose vertikaliuosiuose dirvožemio mėginiuose užfiksuota 137Cs savitojo aktyvumo padidėjimas. Pirmasis sietinas su 137Cs, į aplinką patekusiu ir dirvožemyje gilyn migravusiu po Černobylio atominės elektrinės katastrofos, antrasis – į aplinką patekusiu ir dirvožemyje migravusiu po šiaurės pusrutulyje atviroje atmosferoje vykdytų branduolinių bandymų. Antakalnių gyvenvietėje imtuose mėginiuose 137Cs savitojo aktyvumo vertikaliojo pasiskirstymo nenustatyta, todėl daryta prielaida, kad toje vietoje buvo vykdoma ūkinė veikla, ir dirvožemio struktūra suardyta. Vidutiniškai didžiausi gretimų dirvožemio sluoksnių savitųjų aktyvumų santykio koeficientai gauti iš 1 (0–5 cm) į 2 (5–10 cm) bei iš 3 (10–15 cm) į 4 (15–20 cm) sluoksnius. Taigi didžiausioji dirvožemio tarša 137Cs tebėra dar pakankamai negiliai, t. y. 5–10 bei 15–20 cm gylyje, lengvai prieinama augalų šaknims, tad per maistą gali patekti žmogui. Įvertinta, kad didžiausią metinę efektinę dozę, 137Cs patekus į pieną bei galvijų mėsą, gauna Stražninkų kaimo gyventojai (5,5±0,1 µSv), mažiausią – gyventojai, įsikūrę netoli Maišiagalos (2,3±0,1 µSv). Ši apšvita nėra reikšminga radiacinės saugos požiūriu, nes net didžiausios 137Cs savitojo aktyvumo dirvožemyje ir žolėje vertės gali lemti apie 0,5 % Lietuvos higienos normų leistinos gyventojui metinės apšvitos.


Plant Methods ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Pfeifer ◽  
Norbert Kirchgessner ◽  
Tino Colombi ◽  
Achim Walter

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Topp ◽  
Adam L. Bray ◽  
Nathanael A. Ellis ◽  
Zhengbin Liu

Author(s):  
Malcolm J. Hawkesford ◽  
◽  
William R. Whalley ◽  

Efficient use of nitrogen (N) by plants and particularly crops, is of global importance. In agriculture, high crop yields and protein content depend upon extensive N-inputs, however fertilizer N is costly to the farmer, and overuse can be damaging to the environment. A critical component of optimised usage is efficient capture by crop root systems. This chapter focusses on principal mechanisms of uptake and factors influencing efficiency. Genetic variation in root architecture and in an array of transporters known to be involved in nitrogen capture is detailed. The impacts of abiotic stress factors such as soil structure are described. Finally prospects and opportunities for crop improvement are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sulaiman Ahmed Ali

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Soybean (Glycine max (L.) is currently grown throughout the world because it has been adapted to many environments and because of the high protein and oil content of the seeds. Water scarcity is responsible for the biggest crop losses worldwide and this is expected to worsen; thus, much attention is directed towards the development of drought tolerant crops. The root system is fundamentally important for plant growth and survival because of its role in water and nutrient uptake. Crops with deep roots can capture more soil resources, particularly water, to support shoot growth and yield formation. However, the investigation of root systems is difficult and remains challenging, especially under field conditions. Nonetheless, a better understanding of root system form and function is critical to develop strategies to breed for more stress-resilient crops for local production environments. Studies of soybean root systems in general, and rooting depth in particular have been limited. Thus, the aims of the research described in this dissertation were to (i) identify genotypic diversity in rooting depth and distribution of roots in the soil profile and relate these traits to above ground characteristics including yield under rainfed field conditions in a wide range of soybean genotypes, (ii) characterize, compare and contrast root systems of selected soybean genotypes grown under field- and greenhouse-conditions, and (iii) explore the influence of scion and rootstock genotype on root growth of contrasting soybean genotypes under well-watered and water deficit stress conditions. In the first series of experiments, a set of five soybean genotypes that represented contrasting root rooting depths and root elongation rates were selected based on greenhouse experiment and grown under rainfed field conditions. The core break method was used to assess root distributions of these genotypes in two years. The main goals of this experiment were to confirm genotypic variation for key root traits, including rooting depth and distribution, and to determine whether rooting depth is related to seed yield and selected shoot traits. This study confirmed significant variation among genotypes regarding their rooting depth and root distribution in the soil profile. Genotypes with greater maximum rooting depth also exhibited greater numbers of roots in the lower soil strata than shallower rooting genotypes, and rooting depth was positively correlated with seed yield. Confirmation of differences in rooting depth among these genotypes and the relationship with seed yield under field conditions establishes the suitability of the selected genotypes for physiological studies, studies of genetic mechanisms underpinning maximum rooting depth in soybean, and to confirm the potential for yield increase as a result of selection for deep rooting. A second study consisted of two greenhouse experiments to evaluate the effect of water availability on the rooting depth plasticity of deep- and shallow-rooted genotypes. Six contrasting genotypes were grown in PVC pipes under well-watered and dry-down conditions. The soil media was a mixture of soil and sand with a ratio of 4:1, respectively. Significant genotype, water treatment, and genotype by water treatment interaction effects were observed for maximum rooting depth. Maximum rooting depth increased in the dry-down compared to the well-watered treatment and induced a reallocation of root length from shallow strata to deeper regions in the profile for all genotypes. The extent of the difference in rooting depth between well-watered and dry-down treatments, measured as plasticity, was significantly different among genotypes. Thus, plasticity in maximum rooting depth appears to be under genetic control in soybean and may be a suitable target for breeding efforts aimed at increasing yields under drought. In a final study, the influence of scion and rootstock genotype on shoot growth and root system characteristics was examined in deep tubes in an automated rainout shelter. Plants were sown into 1.5- m deep tubes filled with a soil-sand mix (4:1) and grown under well-watered and dry-down conditions. Nine days after sowing, self and reciprocal grafts were made using the wedge grafting method. The dry-down treatment resulted in significantly increased rooting depth for all grafted as well as the non-grafted treatments compared to well-watered treatment. As expected, root length densities in the top 30 cm of the soil were greater for well-watered plants than plants in the dry-down treatment whereas the opposite was true for root length density at depth. Overall, whether self-grafted or serving as rootstock only, the deep-rooted genotype had a stimulatory effect on root growth in most soil strata, particularly under dry-down conditions. In general, limited differences observed among the grafting treatments suggest a small influence of the scion or rootstock genotype on the rooting depth and root distribution in the soil profile. However, grafting studies with additional genotypes should be conducted to explore whether this observation is specific to the genotype combination used in this study or whether it applies more generally for soybean. The experiments described in this dissertation lay the foundation for additional physiological and genetic studies. Further research is needed to ascertain the physiological mechanism behind the responses of contrasting genotypes, and to identify molecular markers and/or genes to facilitate incorporation of desirable root traits into a breeding program to increase yields and/or yield stability under drought conditions.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document