Promoting Candida zemplinina adhesion on oak chips: a strategy to enhance esters and glycerol content of Montepulciano d’Abruzzo organic wines

The aim of this work was to compare the variations of alcohols compounds in white wine Muscat Ottonel variety aged in the presence of untoasted oak chips, toasted oak chips and untoasted barrel, considering three ageing periods—30, 60, and 90 days. The liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were used to compare the concentrations of the volatile constituents of Muscat Ottonel wines. A total of 51 volatile compounds were quantified. Alcohols, terpenic and carboxylic acids decreased with ageing time, whereas esters, lactones, and phenolic compounds increased due esterification processes. The chips toast level, method, and duration of ageing, significantly influenced the content of aromatic compounds. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) clearly discriminated the initial wine and also the wines aged with toasted and untoasted medium. The compounds (alcohols and terpenes) that impart distinctive aroma of Muscat Ottonel were enhanced by untoasted medium. Light toasted oak chips enhanced wood volatile components (acetovanillone and p-vinyl guaiacol). This study provides important scientific results on the ageing of Muscat Ottonel wines with practical economic benefits to winemakers. Alternative less expensive ageing methods and improved control on the wood components extraction process, may contribute to obtaining high-quality wines.

Download Full-text

Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14020403 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 403

Author(s):

Matea Bačić ◽

Anabela Ljubić ◽

Martin Gojun ◽

Anita Šalić ◽

Ana Jurinjak Tušek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

International Standards ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Integrated Process ◽

Free Glycerol ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Glycerol Content

In this research, optimization of the integrated biodiesel production process composed of transesterification of edible sunflower oil, catalyzed by commercial lipase, with simultaneous extraction of glycerol from the reaction mixture was performed. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used in this integrated process as the reaction and extraction media. For two systems, choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:Gly) and choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), respectively, the optimal water content, mass ratio of the phase containing the mixture of reactants (oil and methanol) with an enzyme and a DES phase (mass ratio of phases), and the molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent constituents were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments performed with ChCl:Gly resulted in a higher biodiesel yield and higher glycerol extraction efficiency, namely, a mass ratio of phases of 1:1, a mass fraction of water of 6.6%, and a molar ratio of the ChCl:Gly of 1:3.5 were determined to be the optimal process conditions. When the reaction was performed in a batch reactor under the optimal conditions, the process resulted in a 43.54 ± 0.2% yield and 99.54 ± 0.19% glycerol extraction efficiency (t = 2 h). Unfortunately, the free glycerol content was higher than the one defined by international standards (wG > 0.02%); therefore, the process was performed in a microsystem to enhance the mass transfer. Gaining the same yield and free glycerol content below the standards (wG = 0.0019 ± 0.003%), the microsystem proved to be a good direction for future process optimization.

Download Full-text

PSIX-35 Quebracho Tannin Influences Lipolytic Activity in Mature Porcine Adipocytes

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.553 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 310-311

Author(s):

Makenzie T Lowke ◽

Richard F Kaiser ◽

Natasha L Bell ◽

Michelle Garcia

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Colorimetric Assay ◽

Lipolytic Activity ◽

Glycerol Content ◽

Treatment Dose ◽

Quebracho Tannin ◽

Porcine Adipocytes ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Treatment Design

Abstract Fat deposition in pork enhances flavor of meat; however, too much fat is an undesirable commodity in a health-conscious society. Therefore, manipulating the nutritional components of a swine diet to aid in the deliberate deposition of fat for the purpose of flavor while avoiding overconditioning is an aim in production. Nutrient additives, such as condensed polyphenolic tannins, inhibit pre-adipocyte maturation, but the role on lipid metabolism in mature adipocytes (MA) remains unclear. Therefore, it is hypothesized that quebracho tannin will alter lipid metabolism in porcine MA. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from 5 ± 0 month old (n = 3) barrows weighing 37.7 ± 1.84kg. Tissue was enzymatically dispersed (collagenase type II) to isolate lipid filled adipocytes. After enzymatic separation the cells were rinsed and divided into 2 groups for separate incubation periods plus tannin treatment: 1) 2 hr incubation time with/without tannin (Quebracho Schinopsis lorentzii; 0M, 0.1mg, 0.5mg, and 1mg) or 2) 24 hr incubation time with/without tannin (0M, 0.1mg, 0.5mg, and 1mg). Approximately 4x105 cells/well were cultured in triplicate/treatment dose at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in atmosphere. Upon termination of the culture period, media was processed for analysis of glycerol content to determine lipolytic activity using an enzymatic colorimetric assay. The MIXED procedure of SAS for factorial treatment design was utilized to determine the effect of time and tannin treatment on lipolytic activity in cultured MA. Glycerol content was significantly higher (P£0.001) in tannin treated cultures. Time tended (P = 0.1) to influence the magnitude of lipolytic activity. Hence, quebracho tannin appears to augment lipolytic activity in cultured porcine MA. Determining the effect of tannin on lipolytic regulators will support the supposition that tannins influence MA lipid metabolism.

Download Full-text

Cold tolerance of the Antarctic springtail Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni (Collembola, Hypogastruridae)

Antarctic Science ◽

10.1017/s0954102001000384 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 271-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Brent J. Sinclair ◽

Heidi Sjursen

Keyword(s):

Cold Tolerance ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Glycerol Content ◽

Recrystallization Inhibition ◽

Low Levels ◽

Inhibition Studies ◽

The Antarctic ◽

The Relationship

Cold tolerance of the springtail Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni Carpenter (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) was studied at Cape Bird, Ross Island, Antarctica (77°13′S, 166°26′E). Microclimate temperatures indicate a highly seasonal thermal environment, with winter minima <–39°C. Snow cover significantly buffers both minimum temperatures and cooling rates. Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni survives low temperatures by avoiding freezing. Mean low group supercooling points (SCPs) ranged from –35.4°C in October to –28.3°C in January. The lowest SCP measured was –38.0°C. The high SCP group was very small, making up only 18% of the population in January. In October, G. hodgsoni had a very high glycerol content (>80 μg mg−1 dry weight), although this declined rapidly to low levels (c. 7–10 μg mg−1 dry weight) in January. Quantities of glucose and trehalose were low during October, but steadily increased throughout the summer. Haemolymph osmolality was exceptionally high (up to 1755 mOsm kg−1) at the end of November, but this rapidly declined to c. 500 mOsm kg−1 by late December. The presence of thermal hystersis proteins was indicated by both osmometry on haemolymph samples and recrystallization inhibition studies of springtail homogenates. There was a strong relationship between glycerol content and SCP, but the relationship between haemolymph osmolality, SCP and carbohydrates is uncertain.

Download Full-text