Detailed NOX precursor measurements within the reduction zone of a novel small-scale fuel flexible biomass combustion technology

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
pp. 121073
Author(s):  
Georg Archan ◽  
Robert Scharler ◽  
Leonhard Pölzer ◽  
Markus Buchmayr ◽  
Peter Sommersacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reduction Zone ◽  
Combustion Technology

Environmental Impact on the Life Cycle for Turbine Based Biomass CHP Plants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Bartocci ◽  
Gianni Bidini ◽  
Paolo Laranci ◽  
Mauro Zampilli ◽  
Michele D'Amico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Biomass CHP plants represent a viable option to produce distributed energy in a sustainable way when the overall environmental benefit is appraised on the whole life cycle. CHP plants for bioenergy conversion may consist of a gasification (IGC – Integrated Gasification Cycle) or pyrolysis (IPRP – Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant) pre-treatment unit, producing a syngas that feeds an internal combustion engine or a gas turbine. The external combustion mode is also an option, where exhaust gases from biomass combustion provide heat to either a traditional steam cycle, an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) or an EFGT (Externally Fired Gas Turbine). This paper focuses specifically on turbines based technologies and provides a LCA comparison of 4 main technologies suitable for the small scale, namely: EFMGT, ORC, IGC and IPRP. The comparison is carried out considering 3 different biomasses, namely a Short Rotation Forestry, an agricultural residue and an agro industrial residue at 2 different scales: micro scale (100 kw) and small scale (1 MW), being higher scales barely sustainable on the life cycle. From data derived from the Literature or experimental campaign (tests at the IPRP and gasification facilities at the University Perugia), LCA analysis were carried out and the different scenarios were compared based on two impact categories: global warming and human health. Input and output of the derived LCI are referred to the functional unit of 1 kWh electric for upstream, core and downstream processes. Results show the contribution of main processes and are discussed comparing scale, technology and feedstock.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS COMBUSTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Skopec ◽  
Jan Hrdlička ◽  
Michal Kaválek
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biomass Fuels ◽  
Rape Plant ◽  
Specific Emissions

This paper deals with determining the specific emissions from the combustion of two kinds of biomass fuels in a small-scale boiler. The tested fuels were pellets made of wood and pellets made of rape plant straw. In order to evaluate the specific emissions, several combustion experiments were carried out using a commercial 25 kW pellet-fired boiler. The specific emissions of CO, SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> were evaluated in relation to a unit of burned fuel, a unit of calorific value and a unit of produced heat. The specific emissions were compared with some data acquired from the reference literature, with relatively different results. The differences depend mainly on the procedure used for determining the values, and references provide no information about this. Although some of our experimental results may fit with one of the reference sources, they do not fit with the other. The reliability of the references is therefore disputable.

Analysis and Comparison of Biochar From Pilot Scale Downdraft Gasifier

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejasvi Sharma ◽  
Yunye Shi ◽  
Guiyan Zang ◽  
Albert Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Reduction Zone ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Porosity Analysis ◽  
Corn Grains

Gasification is incomplete combustion of solid fuel that results in the production of vapor, often referred to as syngas or producer gas, char, and tar. When this process is applied to biomass, the resulting char, referred to as biochar, is produced and has been shown to enhance soil fertility and crop growth. As part of a broader effort, this work examines how the gasification process impacts the biochar generated through downdraft gasification. In contrast to previous publications, which only focused on the syngas compositions, this research paper expands the analysis to the composition of the biochar produced in the gasification systems. In a large-scale gasifier, corn grains at about a 15% moisture level are inserted into a pilot scale downdraft gasifier from the top. In this system, both air and fuel move in the same direction. The air entering the setup is controlled using a damper. Corn grains entering the gasifier pass through a drying zone where the moisture content in it is removed. The dry corn then passes through a combustion and pyrolysis zone, followed by a reduction zone. The high temperature present at the bottom in the reduction zone cracks any tar present in the syngas produced. This syngas exits from the bottom of the gasifier. The char produced has a residence time from half an hour to several hours. About 20% of the fuel that’s inserted in the gasifier is converted to biochar. An ultimate and proximate chemical composition analysis, BET porosity analysis, and an SEM image analysis were carried out on the biochar produced from this system. From the SEM analysis, a surface area of 2.38 m2/g was obtained. From the ultimate and proximate analysis, it was observed that the biochar had higher carbon content and a lack of volatile components compared to other reported biochars and levels similar to activated carbon. From the BET porosity analysis, both small scale and large-scale pores were observed but quantified comparison with other biochar is still on going. Porosity is known to be an important factor in biochar effectiveness as a soil amendment.

scholarly journals Fluidized Bed Combustion: Technology for Efficient Utilization of Biomass Residues

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Vishal Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Kamal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Technical Approach ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Alternate Source ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustor

Fossil fuels are the most common and reliable energy source, which presently fulfill 80% energy requirements all across the world. In the last few decades, over-consumption, fast pace modernization and population growth are some prominent factors which are exploiting the fossil fuels. The degradation of natural resources has gone up at an alarming rate which provoked to look for an alternate source of energy. From all available alternative renewable energy sources, biomass is the only carbon-based sustainable option. But, its diversity makes it a complex and difficult fuel. Among all technologies used for energy generation from the biomass, fluidized bed combustion is emerging as a suitable best option to handle fuel diversity. This article deals with biomass fluidization and its combustion in a fluidized bed. The difficulties encountered during biomass combustion and different solutions for the same have been highlighted. Problems like deposition, corrosion, agglomeration and trace metal emission have been discussed and their remedies to avoid the discontinuity in the operation of biomass-fired fluidized bed combustor. This technical approach will help to reduce environmental problems, improve the economic structure of the nation, and remove obstacles for sustainable energy development.

scholarly journals Pulse Reverse Alloy Plating for Increased Lifetimes for Biocombustors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Tim Hall ◽  
Santosh Vijapur ◽  
DAN WANG ◽  
Jennings E. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Base Material ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Alloy Steels

Biomass embodies tremendous potential as a renewable energy resource. According to the biomass Thermal Energy Council (BTEC), biomass energy is renewable, carbon neutral, domestic and technologically mature. In addition, the low cost per BTU of wood chips and pellets relative to fossil fuels makes biomass an attractive thermal energy source. Furthermore, ~7% of global energy consumption comprises small-scale biomass combustion, representing a tremendous market for technologies that facilitate enhanced biomass utilization. However, a major challenge associated with utilization of biomass is its combustion behavior. The moisture content, chemical composition, and combustion efficiency varies depending on the source of biomass. Small scale biomass combustors (Figure 1) which for cost reasons are often constructed of mild or low-alloy steels, during operation are subjected to corrosive environments which include alkali halides (borne, e.g., by fly ash particulates), mineral/halogen acids and water; as well as various others such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides. There is a need to create more efficient, longer lasting, cleaner, and cost effective cookstoves for use in burning biomaterials. The materials used for cookstoves must improve burning efficiency, must be able to operate at higher temperatures, and should be low cost material systems to durably perform in the corrosive environments.Within this context, Faraday Technology Inc. is working on developing low cost and high value corrosion-resistant alloy coatings for existing bio-combustors or lower cost steels with the goal of increasing their functional lifetime, while reducing the component cost. The manufacturing process involves electrodeposition of binary/ternary/quaternary alloys consisting of [Ni/Co]-Cr-[Mo/Fe] onto a low cost substrate and subsequent accelerated high temperature corrosion evaluation. A wide array of electrolytes and processing parameters were evaluated in order to understand these effects on the deposit composition, structure, and high-temperature corrosion resistance properties towards the goal of developing an ideal alloy coating. Specifically, 100 wt% Cr, 7 wt% Co- 93 wt% Cr binary and 15 wt% Ni – 20 wt% Cr – 55 wt% Co (NiCoCr) ternary alloy coatings demonstrated enhanced corrosion resistance when exposed to an aggressive environment (~700°C, 1000 hr, coating surface salted with ~1 mg/cm2 every 100 hours). When compared to the SS base material the Cr/CoCr alloy coatings exhibited effective protection to the substrate and over 10 times lifetime improvement to its base material.

Experimental Study on Non-Pulverized Wood Biomass Combustion With a New Three-Way Swirling Combustion Cyclone Combustor

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangil Choe ◽  
Yangho Lee ◽  
Soongul Lee ◽  
Michael Weedon
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Slag Formation ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Cyclone Combustor ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Future Work

Abstract An experimental study presents a new innovative cyclone combustor, known as the three-way swirling combustion (TSC), utilizing non-pulverized wood biomass. The study shows that the combustor reached near-complete combustion, as evident in the measurements of CO and NOx emissions, and the excess air ratio. It also demonstrates the unique features of the TSC combustor, which includes an air curtain insulation effect with a high ash removal rate that reduces clinker and slag formation, alongside a chamber that does not need a refractory brick. It compares against conventional combustion technology, such as the stoker and the fluidized bed in terms of the amount of emission gases, maximum temperature, and excessive air ratio. Six geometrical and operational design criteria of the TSC for wood biomass combustion are identified for future work of design optimization. Ultimately, the implementation of the TSC for non-pulverized wood biomass and possibly for other biomass holds great potential for economically and technically beneficial incineration and power generation.

Emissions Performance of a Novel Combustor Burning Shredded Wood

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lindsey ◽  
M. Sawyer ◽  
A. Schmidt ◽  
P. Aubrey ◽  
A. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Biomass Waste

The Air Force Research Laboratory, Airbase Technologies Division (AFRL/RXQ) is engineering and evaluating the Transportable Waste-to-Energy System (TWES). This trailer mounted system will convert military base waste and biomass waste streams to useful heat and power. The Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) is a TWES funding partner. The first stage of the project is a suspension-type combustor (furnace). The furnace has been built and tested. A key feature of the furnace system is its unique patented combustion coil design. The design is intended to maximize ablative heat transfer by increasing particle residence time near a radiant ignition source. The innovative features of the design are targeted at ensuring that the system can be highly fuel-flexible to convert a variety of biomass and other waste streams to energy while demonstrating very low emissions. In 2008, the unit underwent two days of emissions stack testing using established Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. During the testing, extensive real-time data were also collected. This paper presents the data and corresponding analysis of the recent emissions testing performed while utilizing dry wood chips as a control fuel. Detailed emission comparisons are presented using publicly available information from commercial units and from a similarly sized experimental system for small biomass combustion. Key combustion efficiency factors, such as carbon monoxide emissions and nitrogen oxide emissions are presented. The authors also provide commentary on the results for next generation units and the use of this mode of energy conversion for small scale systems.

Entwicklungstrends der Holzenergie und ihre Rolle in der Energiestrategie 2050

2013 ◽  
Vol 164 (12) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Nussbaumer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Energy Strategy ◽  
Energy Wood

Perspectives of biomass combustion and its role in the energy strategy 2050 Wood energy contributes 4% to the total energy demand in Switzerland and is expected to reach 6% by 2020. As a directly storable fuel, energy wood is highly valuable to complement temporarily available solar and wind energy. Since the potential of wood is limited, highly effective applications to substitute fossil fuels need to be prioritised. For this, the energy yield factor is introduced, which reveals that heat and power from wood achieve a high substitution efficiency enabling a reduction of fossil CO2 of up to 90%. Consequently, the unused potential of energy wood should be mobilised for heating, disctrict heat, and combined heat and power (CHP). For these applications, the following developments need to be carried on: small-scale devices with low pollutant emissions by two-stage combustion, stringent execution of air pollution control to avoid inappropriate operation, improvements of grate boilers by aerodynamic optimisation, sectoral fuel conversion, and reduction of fuel NOX emissions by advanced staged combustion. With respect to power from wood, technologies with reduced cost for applications smaller than 1 MWe must be developed, while for low-quality wood fuels, a limited number of highly efficient plants based on Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) is most promising. The findings reveal that the assumptions for the Swiss energy strategy 2050 with a decline of energy wood for heat by 60% and a shift to biofuels are not justified, since wood for heat, power, and CHP achieves higher energy yields with technologies which are available or ready to implementation (IGCC) and economically viable.

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