AbstractEscherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a pandemic clone that is evolving rapidly with increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we investigated an outbreak of E. coli ST131 producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in a long-term care facility (LTCF) in Ireland by combining data from this LTCF (n=69) with other Irish (n=35) and global (n=690) ST131 genomes to reconstruct the evolutionary history and understand changes in population structure and genome architecture over time. This required a combination of short and long-read genome sequencing, de novo assembly, read mapping, ESBL gene screening, plasmid alignment and temporal phylogenetics. We found that clade C was the most prevalent (686 out of 794 isolates, 86%) of the three major ST131 clades circulating worldwide (A, B, C), and was associated with the presence of different ESBL alleles, diverse plasmids and transposable elements. Clade C was estimated to have emerged in ∼1985 and subsequently acquired different ESBL gene variants (blaCTX-M-14 vs blaCTX-M-15). An ISEcp1- mediated transposition of the blaCTX-M-15 gene further increased the diversity within Clade C. We discovered a local clonal expansion of a rare C2 lineage (C2_8) with a chromosomal insertion of blaCTX-M-15 at the mppA gene. This was acquired from an IncFIA plasmid. The C2_8 lineage clonally expanded in the Irish LTCF from 2006, displacing the existing C1 strain (C1_10) and highlighting the potential for novel ESBL-producing ST131 with a distinct genetic profile to cause outbreaks strongly associated with specific healthcare environments.ImportanceExtraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) ST131 is adapting in the context of antibiotic exposure, resulting in a pandemic with distinct genetic subtypes. Here, we track the evolution of antibiotic-resistance gene variants originally discovered in an ExPEC ST131 outbreak that was identified in a LTCF in Ireland. Analysis of 794 global ST131 genomes show that subclade C1 was associated with the initial infection outbreak, but that a new lineage from subclade C2 successfully displaced C1. This genetically distinct C2 subclade with a chromosomal insertion of a key antibiotic-resistance gene had clonally expanded within the LTCF. We provide new insights into the timing of genetic events driving the diversification of C2 subclades to show that that outbreak C2 strain likely evolved elsewhere before spreading to the LTCF. This study highlights the scope of antibiotic-resistance gene rearrangement within ST131, reinforcing the need to integrate genomic, epidemiological and microbiological approaches to understand ST131 transmission.
Effect of β-lactam antibiotic resistance gene expression on the radio-resistance profile of E. coli O157:H7