Improving eye movement biometrics in low frame rate eye-tracking devices using periocular and eye blinking features

Chapter 1. Eye-tracking: facts and figures

THE GAZE OF SCHROEDINGER’S CAT: EYE-TRACKING IN PSYCHOLINGUISTICS ◽

10.21638/11701/9785288059292.03 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 15-44

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Movement Control ◽

General Information ◽

Cognitive Research ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Movement Parameters ◽

Tracking Devices

In chapter 1 we describe the method of eye-tracking and how the interest to studying eye movements developed in time. We describe how modern eye-tracking devices work, including several most commonly used in cognitive research (SR-Research, SMI, Tobii). We also give some general information about eye movement parameters during reading and a brief over- view of main models of eye movement control in reading (SWIFT, E-Z Reader). These models take into account a significant amount of empirical data and simulate the interaction of oculo- motor and cognitive processes involved in reading. Differences between the models, as well as different interpretations allowed within the same model, reflect the complexity of reading and the ongoing discussion about the processes involved in it. The section ends up with the pros and cons of using LCD and CRT displays in eye-tracking studies.

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A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9010010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Chong-Bin Tsai ◽

Wei-Yu Hung ◽

Wei-Yen Hsu

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Low Cost ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Slow Phase ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Effective System ◽

Tracking Device ◽

Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

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The Recreational Trail of the El Caminito del Rey Natural Tourist Attraction, Spain: Determination of Hikers’ Flow

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1809

Author(s):

Gemma María Gea-García ◽

Carmelo Fernández-Vicente ◽

Francisco J. Barón-López ◽

Jesús Miranda-Páez

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Circulation Pattern ◽

Travel Speed ◽

Outdoor Activity ◽

Efficient Management ◽

Exponential Increase ◽

The Mean ◽

Tracking Device ◽

Tracking Devices

Hiking is a very popular outdoor activity, and has led to an exponential increase in the number of visitors to natural spaces. The objective of this study was to analyze the circulation pattern of visitors to the Caminito del Rey trail, based on the three zones into which the trail can be divided. The sample consisted of 1582 hikers distributed into three different profiles. Of these, 126 utilized an eye-tracking device during the hike, while, for the rest (1456), only their travel speed along the trail was recorded. The use of eye tracking devices identified a greater number of interesting landscapes located in zones 1 and 3 of the trail, and it was observed that the mean travel speed was greater for zone 2 (42.31 m/min) (p < 0.01). Additionally, when the three different visitor profiles were analyzed, significant differences were found between the mean travel speeds according to sectors (p < 0.05). This information is crucial for more efficient management of the trail, as it allows for the development of measures to control and regulate the flow of visitors according to zone, and the design of additional strategies to increase the awareness of the hiker about specific areas of the hike.

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An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

Information Visualization ◽

10.1177/1473871617701971 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 257-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Azam Majooni ◽

Mona Masood ◽

Amir Akhavan

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Cognitive Load ◽

Pupil Diameter ◽

Information Graphics ◽

Basic Premise ◽

Quantitative Evidence ◽

The Gaze ◽

Movement Data ◽

Graphical Design ◽

Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

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Gender-Based Eye Movement Differences in the Ilab-X Platform Using: An Eye-Tracking Study

International Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.07.479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 168 ◽

pp. S174

Author(s):

Wuheng Zuo ◽

Ziru Wu ◽

Qing Liu ◽

Huahe Jin ◽

Dan Li

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Gender Based ◽

Movement Differences

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Why subtitle speed matters: Evidence from word skipping and rereading

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716421000503 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Jan-Louis Kruger ◽

Natalia Wisniewska ◽

Sixin Liao

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Lexical Processing ◽

Situation Model ◽

Linguistic Processing ◽

Reading Behavior ◽

New Findings ◽

Word Skipping

Abstract High subtitle speed undoubtedly impacts the viewer experience. However, little is known about how fast subtitles might impact the reading of individual words. This article presents new findings on the effect of subtitle speed on viewers’ reading behavior using word-based eye-tracking measures with specific attention to word skipping and rereading. In multimodal reading situations such as reading subtitles in video, rereading allows people to correct for oculomotor error or comprehension failure during linguistic processing or integrate words with elements of the image to build a situation model of the video. However, the opportunity to reread words, to read the majority of the words in the subtitle and to read subtitles to completion, is likely to be compromised when subtitles are too fast. Participants watched videos with subtitles at 12, 20, and 28 characters per second (cps) while their eye movements were recorded. It was found that comprehension declined as speed increased. Eye movement records also showed that faster subtitles resulted in more incomplete reading of subtitles. Furthermore, increased speed also caused fewer words to be reread following both horizontal eye movements (likely resulting in reduced lexical processing) and vertical eye movements (which would likely reduce higher-level comprehension and integration).

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Numerical Analysis on Color Preference and Visual Comfort from Eye Tracking Technique

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2015/861610 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Ming-Chung Ho ◽

Jhih-Ming Chen ◽

Ray-Ying Huang ◽

Ming-Hsun Shen ◽

Ming-Chi Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Color Preference ◽

Future Research ◽

Subjective Feeling ◽

Visual Comfort ◽

Color Preferences ◽

Physiological Indicators ◽

Movement Data ◽

Color Assignment

Color preferences in engineering are very important, and there exists relationship between color preference and visual comfort. In this study, there are thirty university students who participated in the experiment, supplemented by pre- and posttest questionnaires, which lasted about an hour. The main purpose of this study is to explore the visual effects of different color assignment with subjective color preferences via eye tracking technology. Eye-movement data through a nonlinear analysis detect slight differences in color preferences and visual comfort, suggesting effective physiological indicators as extensive future research discussed. Results found that the average pupil size of eye-movement indicators can effectively reflect the differences of color preferences and visual comfort. This study more confirmed that the subjective feeling will make people have misjudgment.

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Automated Filtering of Eye Movements Using Dynamic AOI in Multiple Granularity Levels

International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management ◽

10.4018/ijmdem.2021010104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 49-64

Author(s):

Gavindya Jayawardena ◽

Sampath Jayarathna

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Movement Analysis ◽

Movement Data ◽

Bounding Boxes ◽

Multiple Granularity ◽

Instance Segmentation ◽

Segmentation Models

Eye-tracking experiments involve areas of interest (AOIs) for the analysis of eye gaze data. While there are tools to delineate AOIs to extract eye movement data, they may require users to manually draw boundaries of AOIs on eye tracking stimuli or use markers to define AOIs. This paper introduces two novel techniques to dynamically filter eye movement data from AOIs for the analysis of eye metrics from multiple levels of granularity. The authors incorporate pre-trained object detectors and object instance segmentation models for offline detection of dynamic AOIs in video streams. This research presents the implementation and evaluation of object detectors and object instance segmentation models to find the best model to be integrated in a real-time eye movement analysis pipeline. The authors filter gaze data that falls within the polygonal boundaries of detected dynamic AOIs and apply object detector to find bounding-boxes in a public dataset. The results indicate that the dynamic AOIs generated by object detectors capture 60% of eye movements & object instance segmentation models capture 30% of eye movements.

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