Polarity studies of single polyelectrolyte layers in polyelectrolyte multilayers probed by steady state and life time doxorubicin fluorescence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Martinelli ◽  
Elisamaria Tasca ◽  
Patrizia Andreozzi ◽  
Sara Libertone ◽  
Hernan Ritacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

A Study on the Life Time of the S3-State in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria chalybea

1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Schmid ◽  
K. P. Bader ◽  
R. Schulder
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Molecular Oxygen ◽  
Life Time ◽  
State System ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Oscillatoria Chalybea ◽  
S States ◽  
Reduced State

In the filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria chalybea deactivation of the S-states starting from steady-state conditions in which S0 = S1 = S2 = S3 = 25% reveals that S3 deactivates to a finite level of approx. 10%. This level is reached under normal conditions between 10-15 seconds. This quasi metastable S3 meets all requirements for S3 in that one flash eliminates this redox conditions to give S4 and therewith molecular oxygen. An analysis of the cyanobacterial S-state system in the 5-state Kok model shows that the S-state population in the dark adapted sample contains no contribution from S-1 or a more reduced condition which under normal conditions is the case for Chlorella or higher plant chloroplasts. Hence under standard conditions, the Oscillatoria condition is a pure Kok-4-condition in which S0 is the most reduced state. Under these conditions S2 seems to deactivate to S1 and S3 to S2 and to a smaller extent to S0. In the presence of the ADRY-reagent Ant-2-p (2-(3-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)- anilino-3,5-dinitrothiophene) introduced by Renger (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 256,428,1972), which is supposed to specifically act on the S3-state (and thereby on S2), not only the deactivation kinetic of S3 (and S2) is accelerated (hence the life time of the S3-state is shortened), but also the level of metastable S3 becomes practically zero. An analysis of the deactivation pattern shows that the agent changes the mode of deactivation of the entire system. Thus, it is seen that after deactivation of a sample in presence of this agent the dark population of S-states contains the more reduced redox condition S-1 It looks as if in this condition S2 deactivates not only to S1 but also to an appreciable extent by two steps to S-1 Another agent ABDAC (alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl-ammoniumchloride) seems to lengthen the lifetime of the S2 and S3 condition in this cyanobacterium by apparently acting on the membrane condition.

Ion transport through polyelectrolyte multilayers under steady-state conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 569 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Garcı́a-Morales ◽  
T.H. Silva ◽  
C. Moura ◽  
J.A. Manzanares ◽  
F. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers

scholarly journals A Perishable Inventory System with Postponed Demands and Multiple Server Vacations

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jayaraman ◽  
B. Sivakumar ◽  
G. Arivarignan
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Inventory System ◽  
Inventory Level ◽  
Joint Probability Distribution ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Stochastic Inventory ◽  
Number Of Customers

A mathematical modelling of a continuous review stochastic inventory system with a single server is carried out in this work. We assume that demand time points form a Poisson process. The life time of each item is assumed to have exponential distribution. We assume(s,S)ordering policy to replenish stock with random lead time. The server goes for a vacation of an exponentially distributed duration at the time of stock depletion and may take subsequent vacation depending on the stock position. The customer who arrives during the stock-out period or during the server vacation is offered a choice of joining a pool which is of finite capacity or leaving the system. The demands in the pool are selected one by one by the server only when the inventory level is aboves, with interval time between any two successive selections distributed as exponential with parameter depending on the number of customers in the pool. The joint probability distribution of the inventory level and the number of customers in the pool is obtained in the steady-state case. Various system performance measures in the steady state are derived, and the long-run total expected cost rate is calculated.

Fluorescence life-time imaging and steady state polarization for examining binding of fluorophores to gold nanoparticles

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 944-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shmulik Schwartz ◽  
Dror Fixler ◽  
Rachela Popovtzer ◽  
Orit Shefi
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Life Time

The Influence of Initial Commutator Surface Roughness on Wear of the Starter Motor Commutation System

2014 ◽  
Vol 966-967 ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Tanja Spremberg ◽  
Ingo Engler ◽  
Berend Denkena
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Life Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Starter Motor ◽  
Tribological System ◽  
Load Tests

One way to improve the run-in period of the commutation system of an electrical motor is the modification of the commutator ́s roughness. The reduction of the run-in period affects the wear during the motor life time. Therefore, within this paper the influence of the initial commutator roughness on the run-in period and the electromechanical wear is investigated. The research is done with a special starter components test rig. During the tests the wear is analyzed while the applied electromechanical and mechanical load is varied in order to enforce different wear behaviors. It is expected that with an optimal initial surface roughness the amount of wear is reduced until the steady state has been reached. However, the results revealed that there is no significant influence of the initial surface roughness on the examined electromechanical tribological system. It was found, that the mechanical wear of the commutator and the brushes is similar to the electromechanical wear during the run-in period. The run-in period of the mechanical load tests is shorter compared to the other experiments.

scholarly journals Ultra-High to Ultra-Low Drug Loaded Micelles: Probing Host-Guest Interactions by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M Lübtow ◽  
Henning Marciniak ◽  
Alexander Schmiedel ◽  
Markus Roos ◽  
Christoph Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Life Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Polymer Micelles ◽  
Guest Molecules ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Insoluble Compounds ◽  
And Control

Polymer micelles are an attractive means to solubilize water insoluble compounds such as drugs. Drug loading, formulations stability and control over drug release are crucial factors for drug loaded polymer micelles. The interactions between the polymeric host and the guest molecules are considered critical to control these factors but typically barely understood. Here, we compare two isomeric polymer micelles, one of which enables ultra-high curcumin loading exceeding 50 wt.%, while the other only allows a drug loading of only 25 wt.%. In the low capacity micelles, steady-state fluorescence revealed a very unusual feature of curcumin fluorescence, a high energy emission at 510 nm. Time-resolved fluorescence upconversion showed that the fluorescence life time of the corresponding species is too short in the high-capacity micelles, preventing an observable emission in steady-state. Therefore, contrary to common perception, stronger interactions between host and guest can be detrimental to the drug loading in polymer micelles.

scholarly journals Markovian inventory model with two parallel queues, jockeying and impatient customers

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jeganathan ◽  
J. Sumathi ◽  
G. Mahalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Life Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inventory Level ◽  
Joint Probability Distribution ◽  
Cost Rate ◽  
Parallel Queues ◽  
Number Of Customers

This article presents a perishable stochastic inventory system under continuous review at a service facility consisting of two parallel queues with jockeying. Each server has its own queue, and jockeying among the queues is permitted. The capacity of each queue is of finite size L. The inventory is replenished according to an (s; S) inventory policy and the replenishing times are assumed to be exponentially distributed. The individual customer is issued a demanded item after a random service time, which is distributed as negative exponential. The life time of each item is assumed to be exponential. Customers arrive according to a Poisson process and on arrival; they join the shortest feasible queue. Moreover, if the inventory level is more than one and one queue is empty while in the other queue, more than one customer are waiting, then the customer who has to be received after the customer being served in that queue is transferred to the empty queue. This will prevent one server from being idle while the customers are waiting in the other queue. The waiting customer independently reneges the system after an exponentially distributed amount of time. The joint probability distribution of the inventory level, the number of customers in both queues, and the status of the server are obtained in the steady state. Some important system performance measures in the steady state are derived, so as the long-run total expected cost rate.

scholarly journals TENDENSI PROSES KONVERGENSI DAN PENENTU PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI WILAYAH PULAU UTAMA DI INDONESIA, 1985-2010

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Tajerin Tajerin ◽  
Akhmad Fauzi ◽  
Bambang Juanda ◽  
Luky Adrianto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Convergence Rate ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Main Island ◽  
Convergence Process ◽  
Capital Depreciation ◽  
Per Capita

Ketimpangan ekonomi antar wilayah pulau utama di Indonesia merupakan sesuatu yang secara alamiah akan terjadi. Hal ini karena, sebagai negara  epulauan, Indonesia memiliki enam wilayah pulau utama dengan karakteristik yang berbeda, yang tentunya akan menyebabkan pola pembangunan dan tingkat kemampuan tumbuh yang berbeda pula. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) Menganalisis tendensi proses konvergensi ekonomi antar wilayah pulau utama, dan; (2) Menduga faktor penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah pulau utama dan konrtibusinya terhadap tendensi konvergensi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan unit analisis wilayah pulau utama dan data sekunder periode 1985-2010 yang dianalisis dengan pendekatan ekonometrika model data panel. Hasil penelitian mununjukkan bahwa tendensi proses konvergensi ekonomi wilayah pulau utama di Indonesia selama periode analisis telah terjadi namun berlangsung lambat dengan kecepatan konvergensi ekonomi sebesar 3,22-8,50% per tahun (secara kondisional). Berdasarkan model fixed-effect, peubah modal fisik dan modal manusia berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pertumbuhan PDRB per kapita kondisi mapan. Sementara peubah resultan dari pertumbuhan penduduk dan penyusutan modal berpengaruh negatif terhadap tingkat pertumbuhan PDRB per kapita kondisi mapan. Dengan mengontrol peubah-peubah penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi, mampu mendorong kecepatan tendensi proses konvergensi meningkat sebesar 1,56-4,75% per tahun dengan half-life time 10,34-31,76 tahun. Hal ini berarti bahwa untuk mempercepat konvergensi ekonomi antar wilayah utama Indonesia dibutuhkan peningkatan modal fisik dan modal manusia yang terdistribusi secara lebih merata, dan diikuti pengendalian pertumbuhan penduduk dan penyusutan modal. Mengingat bahwa wilayah pulau utama di Indonesia memiliki sumberdaya kelautan yang besar, maka kebijakan untuk mempercepat konvergensi tersebut perlu diimplementasikan dengan mempertimbangkan peran kelautan yang disinergikan dengan upaya meningkatkan interrelasi (konektivitas) sektoral dan spasial antar wilayah di Indonesia. Title: Tendency of Convergence Process and Determinant of Economic Growth of Main Island Regions in Indonesia, 1985-2010The economic disparity among the main island regions in Indonesia is a natural occurrence. Due to the fact that, as an archipelago, Indonesia is consisted of six main island regions, each with its own indigenous characteristic, thus generating different development patterns and different developing abilities. Therefore, a research has been done to: (1) Analyze the tendency of economic convergenceprocess among the main island regions; and (2) Estimate the determinant factors of economic growth within the main island regions, as well as their contributions toward the convergence tendency. The research was conducted with the main island regions as the analysis unit, and secondary data covering a 25 years period, spanning from 1985 to 2010. The data acquired were analyzed using a data panel  econometric model. The analysis resulted in a finding that there has been a convergence tendency among the main island regions in Indonesia during the period analyzed. The economic convergence rate found was considered low with an estimated rateper annum of 3,22%-8,5% (Conditionally). Based  on the fixed effect model, both physical and human capitals were the variables which positively affecting the growth of the steady state per capita Regional Gross Domestic Product. While population growth and capital depreciation were the variables which negatively affecting the growth of the steady state per capita Regional Gross Domestic Product. The simulation done using the model developed showed that by controling the previously mentioned economic growth determinant factors, it was possible to induce faster convergence process tendency per annum rate to 1,56%-4,75%, with reduced half-life time to 10,24-31,76 years. Therefore, a faster regional economic convergence would require more physical and human capital to be distributed evenly among the main island regions, while constraining population growth and capital depreciation. Considering that each main island region owns a relatively abundant marine resource, therefore the convergence rate inducing policy should be implemented by pushing the role of marine sectors, while strengthening the sectoral and spatial connectivity among regions in Indonesia.

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