reduced state
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Author(s):  
Анатолий Анатольевич Крылов ◽  
Александра Ивановна Иванова ◽  
Владимир Георгиевич Алексеев ◽  
Мариана Александровна Феофанова ◽  
Надежда Владимировна Баранова

Методом растровой электронной микроскопии исследована морфология поверхности пленок полупроводниковых полимеров: полианилина, поли-о-толуидина, поли- α -нафтиламина. Пленки получены электрохимическим синтезом из подкисленных минеральными кислотами растворов их мономеров методом циклической вольтамперометрии. Пленки сформированы на платиновых подложках, сделанных по принципу биметаллических пластинок. Процессы обратимого окисления и восстановления полученных пленок осуществляли с применением электрического тока в водных растворах соляной кислоты, что приводило к допированию полимеров хлорид анионами. Показано, что поверхность пленок полианилина и поли-о-толуидина имеет схожую структуру, состоящую из многочисленных сферических зерен размером от 1 до 5 мкм. Поверхность пленок поли- α -нафтиламина существенно отличается и состоит из дендронов и крупных пор. При этом, во всех случаях наблюдаемые надмолекулярные образования для пленок в окисленном состоянии имеют несколько больший размер, чем для пленок в восстановленном состоянии, что обусловлено изменением конформации макромолекул. The surface morphology of films of semiconducting polymers: polyaniline, poly-o-toluidine, poly-α-naphthylamine was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The films were obtained by electrochemical synthesis from solutions of their monomers acidified with mineral acids by the method of cyclic voltammetry. The films are formed on platinum substrates made according to the principle of bimetallic plates. The processes of reversible oxidation and reduction of the obtained films were carried out using an electric current in aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid, which led to the doping of polymers with chloride anions. It was shown that the surface of films of polyaniline and poly-o-toluidine has a similar structure, consisting of numerous spherical grains ranging in size from 1 to 5 pm. The surface of poly-α-naphthylamine films is significantly different and consists of dendrons and large pores. In this case, in all cases, the observed supramolecular formations for films in the oxidized state are somewhat larger than for films in the reduced state, which is due to a change in the conformation of macromolecules.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bell ◽  
Anita Layton

Mitochondria are a key player in several kinds of tissue injury, and are even the ultimate cause of certain diseases. In this work we introduce a new model of mitochondrial ATP generation in liver hepatocytes of the rat. Ischemia-reperfusion is an intriguing example of a non-equilibrium behaviour driven by a change in tissue oxygen tension. Ischemia involves prolonged hypoxia, followed by the sudden return of oxygen during reperfusion. During reperfusion, we predict that the build up of succinate causes the electron transport chain in the liver to temporarily be in a highly reduced state. This can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species. We accurately predict the timescale on which the electron transport chain is left in a reduced state, and we observe levels of reduction likely to lead to reactive oxygen species production. Aside from the above, we predict thresholds for ATP depletion from hypoxia, and we predict the consequences for oxygen consumption of uncoupling.


Author(s):  
Felipe Barra ◽  
Karen Hovhannisyan ◽  
Alberto Imparato

Abstract Starting from the observation that the reduced state of a system strongly coupled to a bath is, in general, an athermal state, we introduce and study a cyclic battery-charger quantum device that is in thermal equilibrium, or in a ground state, during the charge storing stage. The cycle has four stages: the equilibrium storage stage is interrupted by disconnecting the battery from the charger, then work is extracted from the battery, and then the battery is reconnected with the charger; finally, the system is brought back to equilibrium. At no point during the cycle are the battery-charger correlations artificially erased. We study the case where the battery and charger together comprise a spin-1/2 Ising chain, and show that the main characteristics - the extracted energy and the thermodynamic efficiency - can be enhanced by operating the cycle close to the quantum phase transition point. When the battery is just a single spin, we find that the output work and efficiency show a scaling behavior at criticality and derive the corresponding critical exponents. Due to always present correlations between the battery and the charger, operations that are equivalent from the perspective of the battery can entail different energetic costs for switching the battery-charger coupling. This happens only when the coupling term does not commute with the battery's bare Hamiltonian, and we use this purely quantum leverage to further optimize the performance of the device.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258909
Author(s):  
Yasir Mehmood ◽  
Jawad Aslam ◽  
Nasim Ullah ◽  
Ahmed A. Alsheikhy ◽  
Emad Ud Din ◽  
...  

Skid-steered vehicles (SSV) are gaining huge importance in the market due to their applications like construction, agricultural work, material handling etc. The accuracy of performing such tasks require a robust control algorithm. The design of such controller is very challenging task due to external disturbances caused by wheel-ground interaction and aerodynamic effects. This paper proposes robust fractional and integral order fuzzy sliding mode controllers (FSMC, FFSMC) for a skid-steered vehicles with varying coefficient of friction and a displaced center of gravity (CG). FFSMC controller reduces the outcome of forces generated as a result of ground tire interaction during skidding and friction variations. The proposed controllers are implemented for a four-wheel SSV under high-speed turning motion. A simulation environment is constructed by implementing the SSV dynamics with wheel-road model and the performance of the proposed algorithms is tested. The simulation test is conducted for a Pioneer-3AT (P-3AT) robot SSV vehicle with displaced CG and variable coefficient of tires friction. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed FFSMC algorithm in term of reduced state errors and minimum chattering. The proposed controller compensates the effect of different responses of the wheels generated as a result of variable CG. The chattering phenomenon generated by conventional SMCs is also minimized by fuzzy tuning approach.


Headline SAHEL: Reduced state violence may mask worrying trends


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6129
Author(s):  
Iori Era ◽  
Yasutaka Kitagawa ◽  
Natsumi Yasuda ◽  
Taigo Kamimura ◽  
Naoka Amamizu ◽  
...  

The effect of hydrogen bonds around the active site of Anabaena [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (Fd) on a vertical ionization potential of the reduced state (IP(red)) is examined based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results indicate that a single hydrogen bond increases the relative stability of the reduced state, and shifts IP(red) to a reductive side by 0.31–0.33 eV, regardless of the attached sulfur atoms. In addition, the IP(red) value can be changed by the number of hydrogen bonds around the active site. The results also suggest that the redox potential of [2Fe-2S] Fd is controlled by the number of hydrogen bonds because IP(red) is considered to be a major factor in the redox potential. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the redox potentials of artificial iron-sulfur clusters can be finely controlled by the number of the hydrogen bonds attached to the sulfur atoms of the cluster.


Author(s):  
Beata Brajer-Luftmann ◽  
Marcin Mardas ◽  
Marta Stelmach-Mardas ◽  
Dorota Lojko ◽  
Halina Batura-Gabryel ◽  
...  

Bronchoscopy is one of the basic invasive procedures in pulmonology accompanied by patients’ anxiety. This study aimed to find an association between predictors of state anxiety/depression and patient’s quality of life (QOL) with pulmonary symptoms undergoing diagnostic flexible video bronchoscopy (FVB). A total of 125 adult patients before FVB were included in a prospective observational study. The quality of life (QOL) was assessed by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, the depression possibility by the Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the anxiety level by Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S; STAI-T). Results show that the older patients and patients with more comorbidities showed a significantly higher anxiety level. The previous FVB under deep sedation significantly reduced state anxiety. A significantly positive association was found between the STAI score and total BDI-II score. More severe symptoms of anxiety were especially related to lower QOL (physical health, psychological and environmental domains) in patients. Statistically higher trait anxiety in lower social QOL domain scores was observed. Our findings show that high state and trait anxiety were associated with higher depression scores and lower quality of life in the elderly. It seems that the elderly and patients at risk of depression development require more attention in the clinical setting to minimize the anxiety accompanying the bronchoscopy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Magnon ◽  
Frédéric Dutheil ◽  
Guillaume T. Vallet

AbstractAnxiety is recognized as a major health issue and is quite prevalent among older adults. An efficient way to manage anxiety is abdominal breathing. Breathing exercises seem to reduce anxiety and to increase parasympathetic activity assessed by HRV indexes. Yet, the effect of abdominal breathing on physiological stress (HRV) and anxiety in older adults remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the effects of deep and slow breathing (DSB, low inhale/exhale ratio) on physiological stress and anxiety in older adults (n = 22) in comparison with younger ones (n = 25). DSB increased significantly HFpower and reduced state anxiety in both younger and older adults. Interestingly, the increased in HF power was significantly higher among older adults than younger ones. As expected, the ratio inhale/exhale being not equal, RMSSD did not increase following DSB. Thus, we provide evidence suggesting that DSB is more beneficial to older adults than younger ones to restore vagal outflow. Despite future work being required, those results provide relevant clinical application leads to manage state anxiety among older adults and to promote successfull aging.


2021 ◽  
pp. 104973232110407
Author(s):  
Andrew Grannell ◽  
Carel W. le Roux ◽  
Deirdre McGillicuddy

Obesity as a disease remains poorly understood by key stakeholders. Here, in people living with severe obesity, perceptions and beliefs relating to obesity as a disease and obesity causality were examined. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in a tertiary care obesity clinic. 23 people with obesity (10 males, 13 females) volunteered. An overall agreement that obesity is a disease was present. Perceptions related to why obesity is and is not a disease were diverse: Lack of control and addiction, biological determinism, and personal responsibility. For weight loss maintenance, the perceptions and beliefs were heterogeneous with biological factors not considered a determinant of success. Instead, exercise, support, and willpower were described as associated with success. Barriers related to remaining in a weight-reduced state included the following: Emotional eating, sustainability of diet, occupational impact, and defeatism due to misaligned expectation and outcome. In conclusion, people living with obesity tend to agree obesity is a disease yet an incomplete understanding of the disease is present.


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