HYPER-PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION OF FUNGAL OXIDATIVE GREEN ENZYMES USING CITRUS LOW-COST BYPRODUCT

Abstract In this case study, EP Petroecuador and Consorcio Shushufindi evaluate a chemical treatment and completion strategies to reduce the extensive impact of bottomhole scale deposits on oil production, electrical submersible pumps (ESP) run life, and operating costs of wells completed in the high-scaling tendencies reservoir. The positive impact on oil production optimization resulting from these strategies will also be discussed and the advantages, lessons learned, and constraints of this work. Conventionally, corrosion and scale chemical inhibitors are deployed through capillary lines; this method is effective up to the pump depth but does not prevent deposits at the perforations or at the lower completion and near wellbore. Rapid production decline or complete loss of production is observed, requiring costly well interventions. Laboratory analysis and evidences from the interventions show that lower T-sand fluids present a high-scale tendency at the bottomhole; therefore, a process to identify candidates and deploy chemical treatment in the rathole to prevent scale deposits was defined and proved. The technology selected was encapsulated scale inhibitors (microcaps). Based on the process, two wells were selected from a portfolio of 12 wells that match the criteria to apply the method to deploy the technology. The following observations were drawn: -Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the most common scale-ESP parameters and production surveillance are essential for early detection of problems associated with scale deposits at bottomhole-The action of microcaps and the installation of a pipe tail below the ESP base sensor allowed to deepen the continuous dosage of scale inhibitor and has already doubled the run life of the ESP equipment, with direct savings on operations costs (approximately USD 240,000) in the short time and continue and can continue to yield more.-According to post workover (WO) production tests of the two candidates and the performance of ESP parameters, the application of this strategy made possible to restore the productivity indexes and sustain them over time. This leads to reduction in production losses of 310 BOPD or 60% of the actual production in the similar period before the treatment.-The microcaps can be applied and refilled through rig-less annulus-It is a low-cost solution for scale problems at bottomhole. This document presents an analysis to reduce operating costs in wells that produce fluids with a high-scaling tendency at bottom hole, through an unconventional and low-cost strategy of chemical treatment from the sand face to the wellhead. This novel process and microcaps application can be used in wells in remote and difficult areas to service on a regular basis.

Download Full-text

Decomposition of the metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100075117 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 264-265

Author(s):

Y. L. Chen ◽

S. Fujlshiro

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

High Strength ◽

Alpha Phase ◽

Thick Sheet ◽

Omega Phase ◽

Beta Titanium Alloy ◽

Beta Titanium ◽

Beta Matrix ◽

Metastable Beta ◽

Very High

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been known to have numerous advantages such as cold formability, high strength, good fracture resistance, deep hardenability, and cost effectiveness. Very high strength is obtainable by precipitation of the hexagonal alpha phase in a bcc beta matrix in these alloys. Precipitation hardening in the metastable beta alloys may also result from the formation of transition phases such as omega phase. Ti-15-3 (Ti-15V- 3Cr-3Al-3Sn) has been developed recently by TIMET and USAF for low cost sheet metal applications. The purpose of the present study was to examine the aging characteristics in this alloy.The composition of the as-received material is: 14.7 V, 3.14 Cr, 3.05 Al, 2.26 Sn, and 0.145 Fe. The beta transus temperature as determined by optical metallographic method was about 770°C. Specimen coupons were prepared from a mill-annealed 1.2 mm thick sheet, and solution treated at 827°C for 2 hr in argon, then water quenched. Aging was also done in argon at temperatures ranging from 316 to 616°C for various times.

Download Full-text

Chromic Acid Etching of Polyethylene

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100070801 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 72-73

Author(s):

J. D. Muzzy ◽

R. D. Hester ◽

J. L. Hubbard

Keyword(s):

Chromic Acid ◽

Low Cost ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Crystalline Morphology ◽

Bulk Specimen ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Perfect Form ◽

Molecular Length ◽

Lamellar Texture ◽

Cost Studies

Polyethylene is one of the most important plastics produced today because of its good physical properties, ease of fabrication and low cost. Studies to improve the properties of polyethylene are leading to an understanding of its crystalline morphology. Polyethylene crystallized by evaporation from dilute solutions consists of thin crystals called lamellae. The polyethylene molecules are parallel to the thickness of the lamellae and are folded since the thickness of the lamellae is much less than the molecular length. This lamellar texture persists in less perfect form in polyethylene crystallized from the melt.Morphological studies of melt crystallized polyethylene have been limited due to the difficulty of isolating the microstructure from the bulk specimen without destroying or deforming it.

Download Full-text

Glass Knife Geometry as Seen by the SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066322 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 454-455

Author(s):

J. Temple Black

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Amorphous Material ◽

Stress Concentrations ◽

Basic Tool ◽

Tool Materials ◽

Optical Inspection ◽

Surface Flaws ◽

Slip Planes ◽

Glass Knife ◽

Diamond Knife

In ultramicrotomy, the two basic tool materials are glass and diamond. Glass because of its low cost and ease of manufacture of the knife itself is still widely used despite the superiority of diamond knives in many applications. Both kinds of knives produce plastic deformation in the microtomed section due to the nature of the cutting process and microscopic chips in the edge of the knife. Because glass has no well defined slip planes in its structure (it's an amorphous material), it is very strong and essentially never fails in compression. However, surface flaws produce stress concentrations which reduce the strength of glass to 10,000 to 20,000 psi from its theoretical or flaw free values of 1 to 2 million psi. While the microchips in the edge of the glass or diamond knife are generally too small to be observed in the SEM, the second common type of defect can be identified. This is the striations (also termed the check marks or feathers) which are always present over the entire edge of a glass knife regardless of whether or not they are visable under optical inspection. These steps in the cutting edge can be observed in the SEM by proper preparation of carefully broken knives and orientation of the knife, with respect to the scanning beam.

Download Full-text

Spectraplot: A PC-based spectrum translation and display program

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010010665x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 918-919

Author(s):

H. O. Colijn

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Transfer Program ◽

File Transfer ◽

Transfer Data ◽

Error Checking ◽

Data Files ◽

The University

Many labs today wish to transfer data between their EDS systems and their existing PCs and minicomputers. Our lab has implemented SpectraPlot, a low- cost PC-based system to allow offline examination and plotting of spectra. We adopted this system in order to make more efficient use of our microscopes and EDS consoles, to provide hardcopy output for an older EDS system, and to allow students to access their data after leaving the university.As shown in Fig. 1, we have three EDS systems (one of which is located in another building) which can store data on 8 inch RT-11 floppy disks. We transfer data from these systems to a DEC MINC computer using “SneakerNet”, which consists of putting on a pair of sneakers and running down the hall. We then use the Hermit file transfer program to download the data files with error checking from the MINC to the PC.

Download Full-text

Transmission Electron Microscopy of oriented Co84Cr14Ta2 thin films for longitudinal magnetic recording

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100088099 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 756-757

Author(s):

T. P. Nolan

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Low Cost ◽

Low Noise ◽

Information Storage ◽

High Coercivity ◽

Magnetic Alloy ◽

Magnetic Media ◽

Transmission Electron

Thin film magnetic media are being used as low cost, high density forms of information storage. The development of this technology requires the study, at the sub-micron level, of morphological, crystallographic, and magnetic properties, throughout the depth of the deposited films. As the microstructure becomes increasingly fine, widi grain sizes approaching 100Å, the unique characterization capabilities of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have become indispensable to the analysis of such thin film magnetic media.Films were deposited at 225°C, on two NiP plated Al substrates, one polished, and one circumferentially textured with a mean roughness of 55Å. Three layers, a 750Å chromium underlayer, a 600Å layer of magnetic alloy of composition Co84Cr14Ta2, and a 300Å amorphous carbon overcoat were then sputter deposited using a dc magnetron system at a power of 1kW, in a chamber evacuated below 10-6 torr and filled to 12μm Ar pressure. The textured medium is presently used in industry owing to its high coercivity, Hc, and relatively low noise. One important feature is that the coercivity in the circumferential read/write direction is significandy higher than that in the radial direction.

Download Full-text

Influence of MBE Growth Conditions on Dislocation Densities of GaAs/Ge Epilayers Grown on Silicon Substrates

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100118692 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 364-365

Author(s):

K.M. Hones ◽

P. Sheldon ◽

B.G. Yacobi ◽

A. Mason

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Lattice Mismatch ◽

Low Cost ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Nonradiative Recombination ◽

Device Structure ◽

Si Substrates ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Dislocation Densities ◽

Dislocation Type

There is increasing interest in growing epitaxial GaAs on Si substrates. Such a device structure would allow low-cost substrates to be used for high-efficiency cascade- junction solar cells. However, high-defect densities may result from the large lattice mismatch (∼4%) between the GaAs epilayer and the silicon substrate. These defects can act as nonradiative recombination centers that can degrade the optical and electrical properties of the epitaxially grown GaAs. For this reason, it is important to optimize epilayer growth conditions in order to minimize resulting dislocation densities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication of the quality of the epitaxially grown GaAs layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine dislocation type and density as a function of various growth conditions. In this study an intermediate Ge layer was used to avoid nucleation difficulties observed for GaAs growth directly on Si substrates. GaAs/Ge epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates in a manner similar to that described previously.

Download Full-text

A technique for protecting delicate specimens during processing

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156894 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 982-983

Author(s):

R.J. Mount ◽

R.V. Harrison

Keyword(s):

Basilar Membrane ◽

Low Cost ◽

Organ Of Corti ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Sensory Epithelium ◽

Physical Damage ◽

Air Drying ◽

Specimen Handling ◽

Two Component

The sensory end organ of the ear, the organ of Corti, rests on a thin basilar membrane which lies between the bone of the central modiolus and the bony wall of the cochlea. In vivo, the organ of Corti is protected by the bony wall which totally surrounds it. In order to examine the sensory epithelium by scanning electron microscopy it is necessary to dissect away the protective bone and expose the region of interest (Fig. 1). This leaves the fragile organ of Corti susceptible to physical damage during subsequent handling. In our laboratory cochlear specimens, after dissection, are routinely prepared by the O-T- O-T-O technique, critical point dried and then lightly sputter coated with gold. This processing involves considerable specimen handling including several hours on a rotator during which the organ of Corti is at risk of being physically damaged. The following procedure uses low cost, readily available materials to hold the specimen during processing ,preventing physical damage while allowing an unhindered exchange of fluids.Following fixation, the cochlea is dehydrated to 70% ethanol then dissected under ethanol to prevent air drying. The holder is prepared by punching a hole in the flexible snap cap of a Wheaton vial with a paper hole punch. A small amount of two component epoxy putty is well mixed then pushed through the hole in the cap. The putty on the inner cap is formed into a “cup” to hold the specimen (Fig. 2), the putty on the outside is smoothed into a “button” to give good attachment even when the cap is flexed during handling (Fig. 3). The cap is submerged in the 70% ethanol, the bone at the base of the cochlea is seated into the cup and the sides of the cup squeezed with forceps to grip it (Fig.4). Several types of epoxy putty have been tried, most are either soluble in ethanol to some degree or do not set in ethanol. The only putty we find successful is “DUROtm MASTERMENDtm Epoxy Extra Strength Ribbon” (Loctite Corp., Cleveland, Ohio), this is a blue and yellow ribbon which is kneaded to form a green putty, it is available at many hardware stores.

Download Full-text

CuS2 sheets: a hidden anode material with a high capacity for sodium-ion batteries

Journal of Materials Chemistry C ◽

10.1039/d0tc04946h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shaohua Lu ◽

Weidong Hu ◽

Xiaojun Hu

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Anode Material ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Capacity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

Sodium Ion Batteries

Due to their low cost and improved safety compared to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries have attracted worldwide attention in recent decades.

Download Full-text