Environmental and economic cost-benefit comparison of sponge city construction in different urban functional regions

2022 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 114230
Author(s):  
Yifei Zhu ◽  
Changqing Xu ◽  
Dingkun Yin ◽  
Jiaxin Xu ◽  
Yuqi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
City Construction

scholarly journals Coupling of SWMM With 2D Hydrodynamic Model for Simulation of Sponge City Construction Scheme

2021 ◽  
Vol 643 ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Yuyan Fan ◽  
Chengwen Wang ◽  
Haijun Yu ◽  
Junhao Pan ◽  
Zilu Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Construction Scheme ◽  
City Construction

scholarly journals The Economic Effects of COVID-19 on the Producers of Ethanol, Corn, Gasoline, and Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Schmitz ◽  
Charles B. Moss ◽  
Troy G. Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare Economic ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Corn Ethanol ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Total Oil

AbstractThe COVID-19 crisis created large economic losses for corn, ethanol, gasoline, and oil producers and refineries both in the United States and worldwide. We extend the theory used by Schmitz, A., C. B. Moss, and T. G. Schmitz. 2007. “Ethanol: No Free Lunch.” Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization 5 (2): 1–28 as a basis for empirical estimation of the effect of COVID-19. We estimate, within a welfare economic cost-benefit framework that, at a minimum, the producer cost in the United States for these four sectors totals $176.8 billion for 2020. For U.S. oil producers alone, the cost was $151 billion. When world oil is added, the costs are much higher, at $1055.8 billion. The total oil producer cost is $1.03 trillion, which is roughly 40 times the effect on U.S. corn, ethanol, and gasoline producers, and refineries. If the assumed unemployment effects from COVID-19 are taken into account, the total effect, including both producers and unemployed workers, is $212.2 billion, bringing the world total to $1266.9 billion.

scholarly journals Costs and Benefits of Improving Farm Animal Welfare

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Jill N. Fernandes ◽  
Paul H. Hemsworth ◽  
Grahame J. Coleman ◽  
Alan J. Tilbrook
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Farm Animal Welfare ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Course Of Action

It costs money to improve the welfare of farm animals. For people with animals under their care, there are many factors to consider regarding changes in practice to improve welfare, and the optimal course of action is not always obvious. Decision support systems for animal welfare, such as economic cost–benefit analyses, are lacking. This review attempts to provide clarity around the costs and benefits of improving farm animal welfare, thereby enabling the people with animals under their care to make informed decisions. Many of the costs are obvious. For example, training of stockpeople, reconfiguration of pens, and administration of pain relief can improve welfare, and all incur costs. Other costs are less obvious. For instance, there may be substantial risks to market protection, consumer acceptance, and social licence to farm associated with not ensuring good animal welfare. The benefits of improving farm animal welfare are also difficult to evaluate from a purely economic perspective. Although it is widely recognised that animals with poor welfare are unlikely to produce at optimal levels, there may be benefits of improving animal welfare that extend beyond production gains. These include benefits to the animal, positive effects on the workforce, competitive advantage for businesses, mitigation of risk, and positive social consequences. We summarise these considerations into a decision tool that can assist people with farm animals under their care, and we highlight the need for further empirical evidence to improve decision-making in animal welfare.

scholarly journals Research on SWMM Runoff Control Index Decomposition Based on Constraint Optimization Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Shiyuan Huang ◽  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
Hongqin Zhang ◽  
Zhipeng Ding
Keyword(s):  
Model Simulation ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Constraint Optimization ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Index Decomposition ◽  
Runoff Control ◽  
City Construction

The “Sponge City Construction Technical Guide” mentions the method for decomposing and implementing the annual total runoff control rate: volume method and model simulation method. Through research, it is found that the two are based on the control detailed planning level in decomposing the scale parameters of LID facilities. The indicators to each block are allocated through repeated tests through experience and trial calculations, resulting in a lack of scientific rationality in the process and results of the indicator decomposition, and because the Guide is still in the trial stage, there are few researches on the decomposition of runoff control indicators represented by SWMM. Therefore, with the help of MATLAB’s constraint optimization module and SWMM hydro-hydraulic model, this study proposes a complete set of decomposition ideas and methods for the decomposition and implementation of the annual runoff total control rate in the special planning of sponge city, and the index decomposition process through relevant cases Elaborate.

Celebrating the chameleon educational policy reforms of 2050

2021 ◽  
pp. 147821032110403
Author(s):  
Jennifer Clutterbuck
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
Global Education ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Educational Engagement ◽  
The Right

The Chameleon Educational Policy Reforms’ (CEPR) 25th anniversary was celebrated at the Global General Assembly with the 2075 Decennial Analysis of Schooling (DecAS) announcement of the attainment of a benefit-cost ratio of >1.0. The attainment of a global positive net value of education is directly linked to the educational reforms established to ‘provide the right access to the right education for all people’ (CEPR, 2050). The Chameleon reforms, informed by The Algorithm, produce policies that instantly adapt to the learning environment and needs of students. Barriers that effect students’ learning are removed, in stark contrast to historic processes that viewed students as the barrier to be removed from learning environments. The case studies presented in this paper are guided by three questions: ‘Where are we now?’, ‘How did we get here?’, and ‘Are we there yet?’. Questioning the ‘here and now’, directs a look back from educational engagement currently governed by the CEPR to key moments and movements in the attainment of past grand policy announcements that no child be left behind to live in poverty. And ‘yet’, leads to critical consideration of the ongoing engagement with The Algorithm. Artifacts detailing the 2045 commencement of annual donations from the richest two percent to fully fund global education remain sealed. The results of the annual donations are, however, publicly available; and some would say exploited (Gerve, 2072). Achieving self-sustainable economic cost-benefit status for the CEPR may release the Donators from those agreements and untether society from the Donators.

A Multi-variable & Multi-objective Optimization Framework for LID Layout in Sponge City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijie Tang ◽  
Jiping Jiang ◽  
Yi Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
City Construction

<p>Practitioners usually design the plan of Sponge City construction (SCC) by combining LID facilities (e.g., rain garden, rain barrels, green roofs, and grassed swales) according to their personal experiences or general guidelines. The layout (including selection, connection and distribution area) of LID facilities is subjective, in the risk of far from optimal combination. Previous researchers have developed some LID optimization tools, which only consider the dimension and number of LIDs in a given scenario. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a flexible and extensible design tool with the support of urban hydrological model to conduct the facilities layout optimization. This study introduced a SWMM-based multi-variable and multi-objective optimization framework called CAFID (Comprehensive Assessment and Fine Design Model of Sponge City) to meet this end. The assessment module with multi-objective couples diverse controlling end-points (e.g., total runoff, peak runoff, pollutant concentration, cost, and customized social-ecological factors) as the candidates of assessment criteria. The optimization module with multi-variable is implemented by SWMM, starting with three steps: 1) Full allocation. Based on the availability, list the candidates of LID facility for each sub-catchment; 2) Full connection. Order the potential stream direction of surface runoff from rainfall to municipal network, based on possible hierarchical structure of sub-catchments and LID facilities; 3) Full coverage. Identify all the suitable area for LID facility in sub-catchment. The optimization on the 3 variables, the selection, connection, and area, is powered by NSGA-II and TOPSIS algorithms, which make it possible that we choose a final result from the set of nondominated solutions according to special weight distribution. The effectiveness of CAFID was illustrated through a case of Sponge City in Fenghuangcheng of Shenzhen City, one of 30 national pilot sponge cities in China. As well, this new framework is expected to be widely verified and applied in Sponge City construction in China or similar concepts all over the world.</p>

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