Analysis The Effect of Coconut Shell Charcoal Mixed Doses and Adhesive In Characteristics Jamu Dregs Briquettes

Briquette is an alternative simple fuel that has a relatively high calorific value, so it has the potential to reduce the use of firewood and fuel oil (BBM). Herbal waste is one of the biomass materials that came from the rest of the material in the production of herbal medicine made from medicinal plants. Utilization of herbal dregs as briquettes has been implemented by PT. Industri Jamu dan Farmasi Sido Muncul. Tbk, as fuel for boiler engines. Making briquettes from biomass requires the addition of materials, one of which is coconut shell charcoal and adhesives such as molasses and tapioca flour to improve the physical properties of the briquettes. Briquettes with good quality have a maximum moisture content and ash content of 8%, a heating value of more than 5000 cal/gram, a constant combustion temperature of 350℃ for a long period of time and is easily flammable. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of briquettes based on the value of water content, ash content, combustion temperature, combustion rate, and calorific value. Variable treatment with the addition of coconut shell charcoal with several doses of 10%, 20%, and 30% and variations of adhesive materials. Data analysis was performed by using two-factor ANOVA statistical test. The results showed that briquettes with tapioca flour adhesive and 30% coconut shell charcoal composition had the best characteristics of briquettes compared to other variations.

A comparative study of ionothermal treatment of rice straw using triflate and acetate-based ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have found applications in the pretreatment of waste lignocellulosic biomass by interacting with the carbohydrate molecules present in the biomass materials. Pretreatment is essential before biomass conversion into valuable chemicals, fuels, and many other value-added products. This comparative study mainly focused on the pretreatment ability of four ILs having acetate or triflate as a common anion with different cations. Among various studied ILs, diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU)-based acidic ionic liquid when used as a dual solvocatalyst showed significant structural modifications of the rice straw (RS) sample, through C6-O bond breakage assisted by the tertiary nitrogen in DBU cation. Structural modifications due to the pretreatment were confirmed through SEM, PXRD, and FTIR analysis. The elemental analysis confirmed that carbon content in original RS is reduced to 29% and 20% upon ionothermal treatment of RS with IL at 90 °C and 120 °C, respectively. Additionally, TGA indicated that further pyrolysis could be easier with the pretreated rice straw yielding biochar up to 9% thereby reducing wastes. Conversion of RS was found to be 60 % which reduced marginally to 50 % after three cycles of recycling IL. The findings of this work provide the proof of concept that studied ILs with high thermal stability and recyclability should act as a potential solvocatalyst in sustainable pretreatment and other biomass applications.

Synthesis of Value Added Nanoparticles from Biomass Resources

The utilization of sustainable biomass materials provides a versatile route for the development of new alternatives to replace traditional petro-materials for a variety of purposes such as green energy, paint, food packaging and biomedical applications. This study reviews the potential use of various sustainable biomass materials for the production of low-cost, highvalue- added materials for practical applications including bio-printing, drug delivery/controlled release, tissue engineering, energy storage and biosensing. This study highlights the fabrication of novel nanomaterials from various biowastes including crop residue, food waste and industrial waste (e.g. spent battery waste and polythene waste) through physical, chemical, or biological methods.

The Synthesis of CME (Coconut Methyl Ester) With Organic Catalyst: Experiments, Data Analysis and Kinetics Model

Biodiesel is one of the biomass materials or renewable energy, which is needed today to replace fuel from fossil energy, which can reduce global warming and has a high renewability cycle. Biodiesel is obtained from plants, so it is also known as biofuel. One type of biodiesel group is CME (Coconut Methyl Ester) which is biodiesel obtained from coconut oil as raw material. In this study, a synthesis of used coconut oil and methanol has been carried out with an organic catalyst based on coconut coir called the ASK catalyst. The results of transesterification have provided some important information, including: the yield are 15-19,5% after usage of the ASK catalyst consisting of amorphous phase and crystalline phase ClK0,8Na0,2, with the density and viscosity of products are 790-800 kg/m3 and 0,6-1 mm2/s. Yield data obtained are then used to build the kinetics equation. The equation is 𝑌 = 1 − e^(-k'tn), with the value of n = 1 and k' for temperatures of 50oC and 60oC were 0,20 and 0,21, respectively, and a minimum activation energy of Q = 1,1 kJ/mol, which can determine reaction time needed at a specified temperature to achieve a certain yield value.

Kajian Pembuatan Bioetanol dari Limbah Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus. L)

Ethanol is a fuel with a high octane number and is environmentally friendly. Bioethanol which can be made from biomass materials such as pineapple peel, is considered not to interfere with food security. With a fairly high carbohydrate and glucose content, pineapple can be converted into reducing sugars that can be fermented to produce ethanol. This study was conducted using the journal review method and aims to determine the mechanism, the variables that play the role, and the optimum conditions of fermentation in the manufacture of bioethanol from pineapple peel. The focus of the analysis was on hydrolysis, namely the type, concentration of the hydrolyzing agent, pH, temperature, and concentration of yeast in fermentation. The analysis from previous studies, the best hydrolysis was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase enzymes with a concentration of 1%-2%. The optimum pH of fermentation was found at pH 5 to pH 6, the fermentation temperature was 30 oC with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentration of 1.5% – 2%, and the optimum fermentation time occurred in the range of 48 to 96 hours. The high amount of reducing sugar produces a high amount of ethanol as well.

Application progress of microbial immobilization technology based on biomass materials

In recent years, microbial degradation technology has shown broad potential in the fields of agriculture, industry, and environmental protection. However, in practical applications the technology still encounters many problems, such as low bacterial survivability during dynamic operations, the need to remove bacterial liquid, and low tolerance in high-toxic environments, among other issues. Immobilization technology has been developed to overcome such limitations. Microbial strains have been prepared for a specific range of activities utilizing self-fixation or exosome fixation. Immobilization can significantly improve strain density, toxicity tolerance, and bacterial liquid removal. This review first presents the advantages and disadvantages of the current microbial immobilization technologies and then summarizes the properties and characteristics of various carrier materials. The review focuses on how biomass-derived materials have been used as the carriers in new microbial immobilization technologies. The excellent biocompatibility, unique physical structure, and diversified modification methods of biomass-derived materials have shown excellent prospects in the field of microbial immobilization. Finally, microbial immobilization technologies’ potential applications in agriculture, industry, and environmental applications are considered.

Application progress of microbial immobilization technology based on biomass materials

In recent years, microbial degradation technology has shown broad potential in the fields of agriculture, industry, and environmental protection. However, in practical applications the technology still encounters many problems, such as low bacterial survivability during dynamic operations, the need to remove bacterial liquid, and low tolerance in high-toxic environments, among other issues. Immobilization technology has been developed to overcome such limitations. Microbial strains have been prepared for a specific range of activities utilizing self-fixation or exosome fixation. Immobilization can significantly improve strain density, toxicity tolerance, and bacterial liquid removal. This review first presents the advantages and disadvantages of the current microbial immobilization technologies and then summarizes the properties and characteristics of various carrier materials. The review focuses on how biomass-derived materials have been used as the carriers in new microbial immobilization technologies. The excellent biocompatibility, unique physical structure, and diversified modification methods of biomass-derived materials have shown excellent prospects in the field of microbial immobilization. Finally, microbial immobilization technologies’ potential applications in agriculture, industry, and environmental applications are considered.