And deplete us not into temptation: Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior

Weight loss has been associated with changes in eating behaviors and appetite sensations that favor a regain in body weight. Since traditional weight loss approaches emphasize the importance of increasing cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) to achieve negative energy imbalance, it is difficult to untangle the respective contributions of energy restriction and increases in CDR on factors that can eventually lead to body weight regain. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of energy restriction alone or in combination with experimentally induced CDR on eating behavior traits, appetite sensations, and markers of stress in overweight and obese women. We hypothesized that the combination of energy restriction and induced CDR would lead to more prevalent food cravings, increased appetite sensations, and higher cortisol concentrations than when energy restriction is not coupled with induced CDR. A total of 60 premenopausal women (mean BMI: 32.0 kg/m2; mean age: 39.4 y) were provided with a low energy density diet corresponding to 85% of their energy needs during a 4-week fully controlled period. At the same time, women were randomized to either a condition inducing an increase in CDR (CDR+ group) or a condition in which CDR was not induced (CRD− group). Eating behavior traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Food Craving Questionnaire), appetite sensations (after standardized breakfast), and markers of stress (Perceived Stress Scale; postawakening salivary cortisol) were measured before (T = 0 week) and after (T = 4 weeks) the 4-week energy restriction, as well as 3 months later. There was an increase in CDR in the CDR+ group while no such change was observed in the CDR− group (p=0.0037). No between-group differences were observed for disinhibition, hunger, cravings, appetite sensations, perceived stress, and cortisol concentrations. These results suggest that a slight increase in CDR has no negative impact on factors regulating energy balance in the context of energy restriction.

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Body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint influence binge eating behavior

Nutrition Research ◽

10.1016/j.nutres.2014.09.003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 944-950 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ana Andrés ◽

Carmina Saldaña

Keyword(s):

Binge Eating ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Dietary Restraint

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Alterations in Metabolic Profile Occur in Normal-Weight and Obese Men during the Ramadan Fast Despite No Changes in Anthropometry

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2014/482547 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jessica McNeil ◽

Mohamed M. Mamlouk ◽

Karine Duval ◽

Alexander Schwartz ◽

Nelson Nardo Junior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Dietary Restraint ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Homeostatic Model Assessment ◽

Analogue Scales

We examined the variations in eating behavior, appetite ratings, satiety efficiency, energy expenditure, anthropometric and metabolic profile markers prior to, during as well as 1 and 4 months after Ramadan in normal-weight and obese men. Anthropometric, energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry and accelerometry), metabolic (fasting blood sample), appetite (visual analogue scales), and eating behavior (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) measurements were performed in 10 normal-weight (age: 25.2 ± 4.7 years; BMI: 24.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2) and 10 obese (age: 27.0 ± 4.5 years; BMI: 34.8 ± 3.7 kg/m2) men. The satiety quotient (SQ) was calculated 180 minutes after breakfast consumption. All anthropometric variables, as well as resting and total energy expenditure, were greater in obese compared to normal-weight participants (P = 0.02–0.0001). Similarly, obese participants had greater triglycerides, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance concentrations (P = 0.02–0.002). Greater apolipoprotein B, glucose, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations were noted during Ramadan (P = 0.04–0.0001). Dietary restraint scores were also greater during Ramadan (P=0.0001). No differences in anthropometry, other metabolic profile markers, energy expenditure, appetite ratings, and SQ were noted across sessions. Lastly, changes in anthropometric measurements correlated with delta metabolic profile markers, as well as changes in disinhibition eating behavior trait and dietary restraint scores. The Ramadan fast led to increases in certain metabolic profile markers despite no changes in appetite and anthropometry.

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Changes in Food Cravings and Eating Behavior after a Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction Intervention Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katherene O.-B. Anguah ◽

Majid M. Syed-Abdul ◽

Qiong Hu ◽

Miriam Jacome-Sosa ◽

Colette Heimowitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Behavior ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Dietary Restraint ◽

Time Frame ◽

Restricted Diet ◽

High Fat ◽

Food Cravings ◽

Before And After ◽

Sweet Cravings ◽

Fat Diets

Compared to low-fat diets, low-carbohydrate (CHO) diets cause weight loss (WL) over a faster time frame; however, it is unknown how changes in food cravings and eating behavior contribute to this more rapid WL in the early phases of dieting. We hypothesized that reductions in food cravings and improved eating behaviors would be evident even after a relatively short (4-week) duration of CHO-restriction, and that these changes would be associated with WL. Adult participants (n = 19, 53% males, mean ± SD: BMI = 34.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2; age 40.6 ± 1.9 years) consumed a CHO-restricted diet (14% CHO, 58% fat, 28% protein) for 4 weeks. Before and after the intervention, specific and total cravings were measured with the Food Craving Inventory (FCI) and eating behaviors assessed with the Three-Factor Eating questionnaire. Food cravings were significantly reduced at week 4, while women had significantly greater reductions in sweet cravings than men. Dietary restraint was significantly increased by 102%, while disinhibiton and hunger scores were reduced (17% and 22%, respectively, p < 0.05). Changes in cravings were unrelated to changes in body weight except for the change in high-fat cravings where those who lost the most weight experienced the least reductions in fat cravings (r = −0.458, p = 0.049). Changes in dietary restraint were inversely related to several FCI subscales. A short-term, low-CHO diet was effective in reducing food cravings. These data suggest that in subjects that have successfully lost weight on a low-CHO diet, those who craved high-fat foods at the onset were able to satisfy their cravings—potentially due to the high-fat nature of this restricted diet.

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Association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with eating behavior, body mass, and hunger

Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity ◽

10.1007/bf03354907 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 7-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Cheryl F. Smith ◽

P. J. Geiselman ◽

D. A. Williamson ◽

C. M. Champagne ◽

G. A. Bray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Dietary Restraint

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Effects of dietary restraint, obesity, and gender on holiday eating behavior and weight gain.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology ◽

10.1037/0021-843x.98.4.499 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 499-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Robert C. Klesges ◽

Mary L. Klem ◽

Cheryl R. Bene

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Dietary Restraint ◽

And Gender

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Maternal Eating Behavior in Low-Income Mothers Influences Attitudes Toward Infant Feeding

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab046_064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 767-767

Author(s):

Maryam Kebbe ◽

Abby Altazan ◽

Robbie Beyl ◽

Anne Gilmore ◽

Leanne Redman

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Eating Behavior ◽

Low Income ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Infant Development ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Dietary Restraint ◽

Formula Feeding ◽

Feeding Mode ◽

Feeding Styles

Abstract Objectives Eating behavior is established early in life, influences infant development and health, and is likely to originate with the mother. We examined if maternal eating behaviors influenced attitudes towards infant feeding styles and whether these associations differed by infant feeding mode (breastfeeding and formula-feeding). Methods This was an observational study in 35 low-income mother-infant dyads. Postpartum women (≥18 years old, 25 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2) in the Louisiana Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program completed the Eating Inventory and Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire to assess maternal eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger) and infant feeding styles (restrictive feeding, responsive feeding, and pressuring/overfeeding), respectively, 8 weeks after delivery. Linear models with fixed effects were computed with maternal age, BMI, and maternal eating behavior as covariates using SPSS (p < 0.05 to indicate significance). Results Thirty-four % of the mothers were breastfeeding (n = 12) and 66.0% were formula-feeding (n = 23). Infant feeding styles were not predicted by maternal eating behaviors (all p > 0.05). In mothers who breastfed, maternal dietary restraint was positively associated with infant pressuring/overfeeding (β = 0.91, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = 1.37, p = 0.02). In addition, maternal disinhibition was negatively associated with restrictive infant feeding (β = −0.53, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003). Comparatively, in mothers who formula-fed, restrictive infant feeding was predicted by maternal disinhibition (β = 0.42, p < 0.01; Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003) and maternal perceived hunger (β = 0.43, p < 0.01; Δ = 0.71, p = 0.007). Conclusions Maternal eating behavior is associated with infant feeding styles only when feeding mode is considered. Interventions educating mothers on how their own eating behaviors have the potential to influence eating behaviors of their children are needed. Funding Sources USDA Small Grants Program and the NIH (T32DK064584, and U54 GM104940).

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