scholarly journals Peril, prudence and planning as risk, avoidance and worry

2022 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 102617
Author(s):  
Chris Gagne ◽  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Avoidance

Vigilance and foraging patterns of American elk during the rut in habitats with and without predators

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry O Wolff ◽  
Toni Van Horn
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
National Park ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Foraging Patterns ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Free Environment

Animal behavior is often optimized as a trade-off between survival and reproduction. During the breeding season, mammals tend to maximize their reproductive effort within the constraints of predation pressure. When predation pressure is reduced, greater effort can be allocated to reproductive behavior and less to vigilance and predator avoidance. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that elk, Cervus elaphus, in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), with predators, would spend more time in vigilance and risk-avoidance behavior than would elk in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), a predator-free environment. We further predicted that elk at Mammoth Hot Springs (MAM) in YNP would behave similarly to those at RMNP because predators were absent in that area of the park. Cow elk in YNP spent more time in vigilance and less in foraging during activity periods than did cows in RMNP or MAM. Also, elk in YNP retreated to forest cover during the midday inactive period, whereas elk in RMNP and MAM remained in open habitat. Vigilance was not correlated with group size at either site. Cows with calves spent more time in vigilance and less in foraging than did cows without calves in RMNP and YNP. Bull elk spent most of their time in courtship at all sites, but foraged more at RMNP than in YNP or MAM. Mean harem sizes were similar among the three sites: 17.0 in RMNP, 15.7 in YNP, and 19.0 in MAM. The proportion of cows with calves was significantly lower in the area with predators, YNP (0.10), than in the predator-free areas (0.24 in RMNP and 0.37 in MAM), probably because of greater calf mortality in YNP. Elk in YNP behaved in accordance with a predation risk, whereas those in RMNP and MAM showed less vigilance behavior.

scholarly journals Heading for the Hills: Risk Avoidance Drives Den Site Selection in African Wild Dogs

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e99686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig R. Jackson ◽  
R. John Power ◽  
Rosemary J. Groom ◽  
Emmanuel H. Masenga ◽  
Ernest E. Mjingo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Den Site Selection ◽  
African Wild Dogs ◽  
Wild Dogs

scholarly journals Correlations Between Clinical Trial Outcomes Based on Symptoms, Functional Impairments, and Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents With ADHD

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (13) ◽  
pp. 1578-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Coghill ◽  
Alain Joseph ◽  
Vanja Sikirica ◽  
Mark Kosinski ◽  
Caleb Bliss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Risk Avoidance

Objective: To assess relationships between treatment-associated changes in measures of ADHD symptoms, functional impairments, and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD. Method: Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated post hoc for changes from baseline to endpoint in outcomes of one randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trial of lisdexamfetamine (osmotic-release methylphenidate reference) and one of guanfacine extended-release (atomoxetine reference). Results: Changes in ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) total score generally correlated moderately with changes in Child Health and Illness Profile−Child Edition: Parent Report Form (CHIP-CE:PRF) Achievement and Risk Avoidance ( r ≈ .4), but weakly with Resilience, Satisfaction, and Comfort ( r ≈ .2); and moderately with Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale–Parent (WFIRS-P) total score ( r ≈ .5). CHIP-CE:PRF Achievement and Risk Avoidance correlated moderately to strongly with WFIRS-P total score ( r ≈ .6). Conclusion: The ADHD-RS-IV, CHIP-CE:PRF, and WFIRS-P capture distinct but interconnected aspects of treatment response in individuals with ADHD.

scholarly journals Research on incentive mechanism of benefit distribution in collaborative innovation of industry alliance

2021 ◽  
Vol 336 ◽  
pp. 09008
Author(s):  
Yue Li ◽  
Jiepeng Huang ◽  
Hang Guo ◽  
Zhuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Incentive Mechanism ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Benefit Distribution ◽  
Collaborative Innovation ◽  
The Incentive Mechanism ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
And Behavior

In order to improve the performance of alliance collaborative innovation and stimulate members' willingness and behavior to participate in collaborative innovation, this paper puts forward the incentive mechanism of benefit distribution. This paper divides the needs of members to participate in collaborative innovation into two stages: "risk avoidance-return on investment". Firstly, an effective benefit distribution model is established by using Logistic function. Then, by building a game model, we can get the best effort. The results show that building the benefit distribution model of alliance collaborative innovation according to the different needs of alliance members can fully stimulate members to participate in collaborative innovation and improve the performance of alliance collaborative innovation.

scholarly journals Pan[dem]ic! Rational Risk Avoidance During a Health Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward N Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Risk Compensation ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Reduce Risk

During a health pandemic health workers have to balance two competing objectives: their own welfare vs. that of their patients. Intuitively, attending to sick patients during a pandemic poses risks to health workers because some of these patients could be infected. One way to reduce risk is by reducing contact with patients. These changes could be on the extensive margin, e.g., seeing fewer patients; or, more insidiously, on the intensive margin, by reducing the duration/intensity of contact. This paper studies risk avoidance behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic and examines implications for patient welfare. Using primary data on thousands of patient-provider interactions between January 2019 and October 2020 in Nigeria, I present evidence of risk compensation by health workers along the intensive margin. For example, the probability that a patient receives a physical examination has dropped by about a third. I find suggestive evidence of negative effects on health outcomes.

scholarly journals Noise matters: elephants show risk-avoidance behaviour in response to human-generated seismic cues

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1953) ◽  
pp. 20210774
Author(s):  
Beth Mortimer ◽  
James A. Walker ◽  
David S. Lolchuragi ◽  
Michael Reinwald ◽  
David Daballen
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Noise ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Sensory Ecology ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Seismic Vibrations

African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) use many sensory modes to gather information about their environment, including the detection of seismic, or ground-based, vibrations. Seismic information is known to include elephant-generated signals, but also potentially encompasses biotic cues that are commonly referred to as ‘noise’. To investigate seismic information transfer in elephants beyond communication, here we tested the hypothesis that wild elephants detect and discriminate between seismic vibrations that differ in their noise types, whether elephant- or human-generated. We played three types of seismic vibrations to elephants: seismic recordings of elephants (elephant-generated), white noise (human-generated) and a combined track (elephant- and human-generated). We found evidence of both detection of seismic noise and discrimination between the two treatments containing human-generated noise. In particular, we found evidence of retreat behaviour, where seismic tracks with human-generated noise caused elephants to move further away from the trial location. We conclude that seismic noise are cues that contain biologically relevant information for elephants that they can associate with risk. This expands our understanding of how elephants use seismic information, with implications for elephant sensory ecology and conservation management.

scholarly journals Accumbal D2 cells orchestrate innate risk-avoidance according to orexin signals

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Blomeley ◽  
Celia Garau ◽  
Denis Burdakov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Avoidance
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