scholarly journals Pan[dem]ic! Rational Risk Avoidance During a Health Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward N Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Risk Compensation ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Reduce Risk

During a health pandemic health workers have to balance two competing objectives: their own welfare vs. that of their patients. Intuitively, attending to sick patients during a pandemic poses risks to health workers because some of these patients could be infected. One way to reduce risk is by reducing contact with patients. These changes could be on the extensive margin, e.g., seeing fewer patients; or, more insidiously, on the intensive margin, by reducing the duration/intensity of contact. This paper studies risk avoidance behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic and examines implications for patient welfare. Using primary data on thousands of patient-provider interactions between January 2019 and October 2020 in Nigeria, I present evidence of risk compensation by health workers along the intensive margin. For example, the probability that a patient receives a physical examination has dropped by about a third. I find suggestive evidence of negative effects on health outcomes.

The Diffusion of Product Innovations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stoneman ◽  
Eleonora Bartoloni ◽  
Maurizio Baussola
Keyword(s):  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
Product Innovations ◽  
Market Product ◽  
Principal Finding ◽  
Considerable Period

This chapter explores the patterns of adoption and use of original and new-to-market product innovations. Three levels of diffusion are identified: (i) the spreading of first use across countries (the extensive margin); (ii) the spreading of first use across users within countries (the intensive margin); and (iii) increasing intensity of use by adopters (firms or households). The principal finding is that diffusion often takes a considerable period of time, both across and within countries. Movement on the intensive margin continues for many years after diffusion on the extensive margin is completed. Intra-firm or household diffusion is also time-intensive, differs by industry sector, country, and technology, and continues even after inter-firm or household diffusion is complete. In addition, the diffusion of the production of product innovations may eventually mean that countries that were early producers are eventually replaced by countries that were late producers.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the migration intention of dental and medical graduates in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Hajian ◽  
M H Khoshnevisan ◽  
S h Yazdani ◽  
M P Jadidfard
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Migration Decisions ◽  
Push And Pull

Abstract Background Migration of skilled health workers could result in shortage of human resources and rising inequalities in service provision in source countries. To date, most of relevant papers are focused on rate and reasons of migration while the need for conducting studies on modelling of factors is more vividly felt. The aim of this review was to determine the factors influencing the migration decisions of medical and dental graduates migrating from developing countries and to introduce a practical conceptual framework for health worker migration. Methods Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and relevant Journals were systematically searched for English language publications from January 2009 to April 2019. The inclusion criteria were: 1) article stated factors affecting migration decisions of medical doctors and/or dentists, 2) the source country in the study was a developing country, 3) participants’ primary qualification country was in a developing country,4) the study used primary data both qualitative or quantitative. Results The search identified 814 articles from which we included 23 full-text studies after applying eligibility checklist. Push and pull theory was the most popular model to describe the migration driving factors. Poor socio-economic situation, political instability, lack of professional and educational opportunities together with family concerns found as strong common push factors that perpetuate migration. The most influencing pull factors were desire for better quality of life, career and training opportunities and financial gain. Conclusions Despite the fact that health workers migrate for different reasons, they follow a same route for decision to stay or leave their own countries. Un-fulfillment of expectations in mother land in addition to media reconstructed reality of life in foreign land can develop a positive attitude for migration Which should be considered before weighing up the push and pull factors of both sides. Key messages A better understanding of the migration motives of health professionals will help health authorities to improve their workforce recruitment and retention strategies and health service planning. Our simple yet comprehensive framework can mainly identify the development of migration desire through combining different models and concepts of migration, behavioral change, values, needs and so on.

Review of the impact Covid-19 has on the Psychosocial factors affecting Well-Being

2021 ◽  
pp. 3404-3408
Author(s):  
Sheila Menon FBSCH ◽  
Vidya Bhagat
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the psychosocial factors that effect people globally. Particularly affected are children, students and health workers and the common symptoms identified are stress, anxiety disorders, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, the various security measures implemented to ensure public safety have adversely affected relationships between people. This study directs public awareness to the value of psychotherapeutic support. Tele-therapy can be offered easily to people both at home or in the workplace, providing both cost effective and time sensitive solutions during times of crisis. The current review article provides an overview of the importance of maintaining psychological well-being during a pandemic and the identifies the role that empathetic communication has on wellbeing. The literature review was completed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases using the keywords covid-19, affected groups, affected relationships, psychology and its technological interventions, negative effects of pandemic so on.

Political parties in Canada: What determines entry, exit and the duration of their lives?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Stephen Ferris ◽  
Marcel-Cristian Voia
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Hazard Model ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Finite Mixtures ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Economic Circumstance

Two margins of political party life in Canada since Confederation (1867) are analyzed—the extensive margin involving entry and exit (together with party turnover or churning) and the intensive margin determining survival length. The results confirm many hypotheses advanced to explain entry and exit—the importance of social and religious cleavage, election institutions, and economic circumstance. More novel are the findings that public election funding and periods with larger immigration flows have reinforced established parties at the expense of entrants and smaller sized parties. The intensive margin uses a discrete hazard model with discrete finite mixtures to confirm the Duverger-type presence of two distinct long-lived political parties surrounded by a fringe of smaller parties. Both parametric and semi-parametric models concur in finding that public funding and higher immigration flows are as successful in extending the life of established parties as in discouraging entry and exit.

scholarly journals STUDI NETNOGRAFI PENERAPAN SKENARIO KEBIJAKAN KERUANGAN COVID-19 DI KOTA SURABAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Bagus Fadhilah Apriadi ◽  
Talitha Aurellia Alfiansyah ◽  
Zulfati Nur Izzah ◽  
Risca Tasya Qorina ◽  
Ade Tri Kencana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
City Development ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Zoning Regulations

Abstract - The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has disrupted various community activities. Likewise in Surabaya, which was identified as a black zone in 2020. Therefore, a lockdown policy has been implemented to reduce the COVID-19’s spread such as PSBB Surabaya Raya I, II, and III; PPKM Surabaya; and PPKM Mikro Surabaya. The implementation of the lockdown has become trend on social media and created various assumptions. In addition, the spatial zoning regulations have not supported the pandemic so that the regulations are more siding of the economy and city development without reviewing its readiness facing the pandemic. This study uses secondary data collection methods through data mining also primary data through teleconference and distributing online questionnaires. So, from collecting data on social media and community aspirations, it is hoped that they can create spatial policies that are in accordance with community conditions and can also reduce the number of COVID-19 cases. The result shows that there are five topics becoming peoples’ perceptions and preferences, such as social, economy, mobility, environment, and health. Moreover, they state that PSBB Surabaya Jilid 1,2, and 3 aren’t the best policy and PPKM Micro are the best policy. Similar thing also experienced by 60% informant stating that PPKM Micro is the best policy. There are also state policy suggestions regarding to policy, such as implementation of policies, restoration of education, vaccinations, incentives for health workers, duration of dine in, provision of assistance to workers, government social assistance, optimization of traditional markets, dissemination of information, and operating companies. Abstrak - Surabaya merupakan salah satu kota yang teridentifikasi sebagai zona hitam pada Mei 2020. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan pembatasan telah diterapkan untuk menekan angka penyebaran COVID-19 seperti PSBB Surabaya Raya Jilid 1, 2, dan 3; PPKM Surabaya; serta PPKM Mikro Surabaya. Penerapan kebijakan pembatasan menjadi isu hangat di media sosial dan menimbulkan anggapan positif dan negatif. Selain itu, pada aspek keruangan, peraturan zonasi tata ruang belum menunjang urgensitas pandemi sehingga peraturannya lebih berpihak pada sektor ekonomi dan pembangunan kota tanpa meninjau kesiapan kotanya dalam menghadapi pandemi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data sekunder melalui mining data serta data primer melalui wawancara telekonferensi. Sehingga, dari pengumpulan data pada media sosial dan aspirasi masyarakat diharapkan dapat menciptakan kebijakan keruangan yang sesuai dengan kondisi masyarakat dan juga dapat menekan angka kasus COVID-19. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lima topik yang cenderung menjadi persepsi dan preferensi para pengguna media sosial, yaitu sosial, ekonomi, mobilitas, lingkungan, dan kesehatan. Selain itu, mereka juga menyatakan bahwa PSBB Surabaya Jilid 1, 2, dan 3 merupakan kebijakan yang tidak diminati dan PPKM Mikro merupakan kebijakan yang paling diminati. Hal serupa juga dialami oleh para narasumber yang menyatakan bahwa 60% narasumber menyatakan PPKM Mikro merupakan kebijakan paling efektif. Terdapat beberapa saran kebijakan menurut narasumber, terkait pelaksanaan kebijakan, pemulihan pendidikan, vaksinasi, insentif tenaga kesehatan, durasi makan di tempat, pemberian bantuan kepada buruh, bantuan sosial pemerintah, optimalisasi pasar tradisional, penyebaran informasi, dan perusahaan yang beroperasi.

scholarly journals Pelaksanaan Perlindungan Konsumen Obat-Obatan dalam Kefarmasian

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
I Putu Rusdi Eka Pratama ◽  
I Nyoman Putu Budiartha ◽  
Desak Gde Dwi Arini
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Pharmaceutical Services ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Technological Advances

Technological advances have helped in the discovery of the latest medicines, this has further strengthened healthcare providers. However, this is not the case with consumers (patients). Consumers are less aware of their rights as users of goods and services so that which ones are good and which are bad, and which are really needed, consumers leave completely to competent health workers. This study aims to explain the legal protection of drug consumers for pharmaceutical services and to explain the liability of pharmaceutical companies regarding the losses suffered by drug consumers. This research used empirical law. Primary data sources were obtained by conducting field research with interview techniques and secondary data obtained by library research consisting of primary and secondary legal materials. The results showed that the legal protection of drug consumers in pharmaceutical services, which contains the rights and obligations of consumers as well as the rights and obligations of pharmaceutical companies as business actors. In principle, consumer legal protection is regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, in practice in pharmacies, legal protection for drug consumers is in accordance with applicable regulations and has been effective and conducive, then the responsibility of pharmaceutical companies for consumer losses drugs have provided compensation for material and immaterial damages when consumers are harmed.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effects of Zimbabwean white farmers on small scale farming in Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Olaniyi Adewumi ◽  
Ayodele Jimoh ◽  
Olubunmi Abayomi Omotesho
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
White Farmers ◽  
Local Farmers

Many observers believe that the on-going liberalization of the world will have dramatic negative effects on small farmers in both developed and developing countries. This study aims to capture the effects of the presence of foreign migrant farmers on small scale farm­ing systems, which are prevalent in Nigeria. The Agricultural Development Project Zone D in which the white farmers settled in the state of Kwara, was used as a case study. Primary data were collected from white farmers as well as from local farmers regarding their situ­ation before and after the arrival of white farmers. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the farm budget were used in evaluating the data. The majority of local farmers (98.63%) transitioned towards sole cropping since the arrival of white farmers in the area. There were significant increases in seed rate, fertilizer and other chemicals, as well as labor inputs per farmer in the area when compared to the situation that was prevalent before the white farmers settled there. Their average farm size, distances between their houses and farms and tractor use reduced significantly, while output per farm size increased considerably since the arrival of white farmers in the area. In order to provide sustainability of the posi­tive development, there is the need to seek a policy option that will calm local farmers who once in a while exhibit signs of dissatisfaction for the way in which white farmers came to settle on their land. These could be achieved through the use of the participatory approach to agricultural development in the area. This approach could also be relevant in other re­gions of the world with similar situations. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of advanced infection and prevention technical training

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Ai Siti Sutilah
Keyword(s):  
Health Workers ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Evaluation Of Learning

Evaluation of a technical education and training organization can provide positive outputs. This study aims to evaluate the implementation and understanding of the training participants regarding the knowledge of the training materials provided at the Advanced Infection and Prevention Technical Training for Health Workers at the Health Facilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic online, which was held at the Puslatkesda Provinsi DKI Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative description method using the Kirkpatrick Four Levels Evaluation Model, namely through four levels consisting of reaction, learning, behavior, and result. As for what was carried out in the study, it was evaluated at levels 1 and 2. This training was held in October 2020 Batch 1 with 40 participants. Instruments The instrument used is a questionnaire, and the results of the participants' assessment are in the form of pretest and posttestt. The source of data in this study is Puslatkesda data in 2020, namely primary data on the implementation of Advanced PPI Technical Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Following are the results of the research data analysis that of the seven evaluation categories at the reaction level to the implementation of the training. The results showed that as many as 18 respondents with a percentage of (45 percent) answered Very Satisfactory, then for reactions to resource persons an average, of 52.5-82.5 percent participants answered satisfactorily and very satisfactory. As for the evaluation of learning or learning, it appears that the average value of participants is 84.3, and there are 100 percent (40) training participants who have complete scores in the posttest stage. With all these descriptions, the Advanced Infection and Prevention Technical Training for Health Workers at Health Facilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic went well and satisfactorily.

The Impact of Corruption on Entrepreneurship

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gil Avnimelech ◽  
Yaron Zelekha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Impact

There is a consensus that corruption may result in high societal costs. A growing body of research reveals the negative effects of corruption on a variety of economic indicators. This chapter presents a literature review on the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship. It allows us to suggest that one of the transition channels through which corruption has impacted growth is entrepreneurship. The main channels in which corruption impacts entrepreneurship is through reduced incentives for entrepreneurial activity and reduced trust within the system. The authors present evidence that the negative impact of an incremental increase in the level of corruption on entrepreneurship is more harmful in developed countries than in developing countries. Thus, they stress the need for more research in this area with the aim of establishing appropriate frameworks for the fight of corruption in both developing and developed countries and suggest significant gains from anti-corruption efforts, especially in developed countries.

scholarly journals Are health workers reduced to being drug dispensers of antiretroviral treatment? A randomized cross-sectional assessment of the quality of health care for HIV patients in northern Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 559-565
Author(s):  
Ulrike G Seeberger ◽  
Joseph J Valadez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Northern Uganda ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract High quality of care (QoC) for antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to prevent treatment failure. Uganda, as many sub-Saharan African countries, increased access to ART by decentralizing provision to districts. However, little is known whether this rapid scale-up maintained high-quality clinical services. We assess the quality of ART in the Acholi and Lango sub-regions of northern Uganda to identify whether the technical quality of critical ART sub-system needs improvement. We conducted a randomized cross-sectional survey among health facilities (HF) in Acholi (n = 11) and Lango (n = 10). Applying lot quality assurance sampling principles with a rapid health facility assessment tool, we assessed ART services vis-à-vis national treatment guidelines using 37 indicators. We interviewed health workers (n = 21) using structured questionnaires, directly observed clinical consultations (n = 126) and assessed HF infrastructure, human resources, medical supplies and patient records in each health facility (n = 21). The district QoC performance standard was 80% of HF had to comply with each guideline. Neither sub-region complied with treatment guidelines. No HF displayed adequate: patient monitoring, physical examination, training, supervision and regular monitoring of patients’ immunology. The full range of first and second line antiretroviral (ARV) medication was not available in Acholi while Lango had sufficient stocks. Clinicians dispensed available ARVs without benefit of physical examination or immunological monitoring. Patients reported compliance with drug use (>80%). Patients’ knowledge of preventing HIV/AIDS transmission concentrated on condom use; otherwise it was poor. The poor ART QoC in northern Uganda raises major questions about ART quality although ARVs were dispensed. Poor clinical care renders patients’ reports of treatment compliance as insufficient evidence that it takes place. Further studies need to test patients’ immunological status and QoC in more regions of Uganda and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa to identify topical and geographical areas which are priorities for improving HIV care.

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