Effects of photo-stimulation with laser or LED on the composition of Xanthan gum produced in media containing distilled water or dialyzed or not produced water by means of Raman spectroscopy

Coconut (Cocus Nucifera) shell as the main ingredient in this research has been heat-treated at temperature of 1000°C in atmospheric condition aiming to obtain the expected phase of graphene. After heat treatment, an additional special treatment was given, where sample was then rinsed with distilled water. Furthermore, the heated coconut shell was characterized by Raman Spectroscopy (785 nm) and X-ray diffractometry. Based on the treatment and characterization conducted, all samples were likely to contain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) phase.The XRD data have supported the existence of RGO with the diffraction peak position (2q) at 25o and 45o. Evidence is also given by the result of Raman Spectroscopy which produces peaks (denoted by D and G bands) located at wave numbers of 1300 cm-1 and 1590 cm-1. The value of the ratio ID/IG of the two samples in the figures are 2.6 and 2.51 (matched with ratio ID/IG of RGO). The ID/IG ratio of sample which was rinsed by distilled water is higher that those without rinsing treatment.

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Xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris using produced water and crude glycerin as an environmentally friendlier agent to enhance oil recovery

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122421 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 122421

Author(s):

Elias Ramos de Souza ◽

Pamela Dias Rodrigues ◽

Igor C.F. Sampaio ◽

Edgard Bacic ◽

Pedro J.L. Crugeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Recovery ◽

Xanthan Gum ◽

Xanthomonas Campestris ◽

Produced Water ◽

Crude Glycerin ◽

Enhance Oil Recovery

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Mapping RO-Water Desalination System Powered by Standalone PV System for the Optimum Pressure and Energy Saving

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10062161 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 2161

Author(s):

Mathhar Bdour ◽

Zakariya Dalala ◽

Mohammad Al-Addous ◽

Atef Kharabsheh ◽

Hadi Khzouz

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Produced Water ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Variable Pressure ◽

Small Scale ◽

Base Line ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Battery Storage ◽

High Solar Radiation

Brackish water desalination is widely used to supply fresh water; reverse osmosis (RO) desalination units are considered as the most widespread technology used for this purpose due to the advantage of low power consumption. On the other hand, renewable energy resource integration into the power systems is an important trend, which serves energy supply especially in rural areas and non-stable power supply places. RO units powered from Photovoltaic (PV) systems are considered one of the reliable solutions in places where both water and energy demands are issues to be improved. In this research, the idea of storing energy in water salinity is introduced and discussed to reduce conventional battery storage banks. This concept depends on changing the pressure of the RO unit based on solar profiles to get high distilled water at high solar radiation times (high pressure applied) and low distilled water at low radiation times (low pressure values). Then, the produced water is mixed to get an acceptable salinity in the produced water. This research was applied on a small-scale RO testing unit with a pressure that changed from 40 to 60 bar, and, as a result, the water conductivity changed from 1.7 to 1.1 mS/cm. This was the base line to investigate the possibility of curtailing the battery storage system of the selected plant. Following the variable pressure scenarios, energy storage capacity was reduced by a factor of 20%.

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Evaluation of Millipore Cartridge-type Water Treatment Systems for Microbiological Applications

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-42.8.654 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 42 (8) ◽

pp. 654-655 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BARBARA L. GREEN ◽

WARREN LITSKY

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Produced Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Ionic Species ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Microbiology Laboratory ◽

Type Water ◽

Control Water ◽

Q System

Two different cartridge-type water treatment systems were evaluated for use in the microbiology laboratory, employing the Distilled Water Suitability Test (DWST). The Milli-Q system fed by distilled water and the Milli-R/Q system fed by tap water both produced water acceptable for microbiological use as measured by the DWST. Concentrations of ionic species (as measured by conductivity) in Milli-Q and Milli-R/Q products were significantly lower than in the double distilled control water.

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Treatment of produced water from Niger Delta oil fields using simultaneous mixture of local materials

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-020-01017-w ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

S. G. Udeagbara ◽

S. O. Isehunwa ◽

N. U. Okereke ◽

I. U. Oguamah

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Produced Water ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Oil Fields ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Treatment Techniques ◽

Group A ◽

C 30 ◽

Group B

Abstract Produced water (PW) from petroleum reservoirs often contains heavy metals and other contaminants that are harmful to the environment. Most of the commonly used treatment techniques have been reported to be ineffective in reducing some of the contaminants’ concentrations to recommended disposal levels. This study evaluated the effectiveness of four selected bio-adsorbents combined for treating PW from Niger Delta oil fields. In this study, orange peels (I), banana peels (II), sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) (III) and palm kernel fibers (IV) were washed with distilled water, sun-dried (24 h) and dried in the oven at 105 ± 5 °C (3 h, I and II), 150 °C (30 min, III) and 80 °C (3 h, IV). They were ground into powder, sieved (150 μ, Group A) and (300 μ, Group B), washed with 0.4 mol/L HNO3, filtered and rinsed with distilled water. Samples of PW were obtained from fields R, X, and Y in the Niger Delta and analysed for heavy metals using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Samples were treated in adsorption column over 6 h using the adsorbents simultaneously. Treated samples were analysed with AAS and characterised. Adsorption of heavy metals were assessed using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Data were analysed using regression and other statistical methods. For the 150 μ size of sample R, the percentage reductions for the metal concentrations (Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Cr, Zn, Mn, Ca, Ar, B, Sn and Ba) were found to be 100%, 52.7%, 100%, 100%, 85.87%, 19.48%, 100%, 92.8%, 17.74%, 98.86%, 22.32%, 29.56%, 78.06% and 44.74%, respectively, while the reduction in 300 μ size were 1.52%, 97.2%, 71.4%, 17.1%, 43.8%, 45.6%, 7.04%, 89.6%, 35.4%, 99.6%, 0.0001%, 1.19%, 14.19% and 0.002%, respectively. The finer adsorbents were more effective. Similar results were obtained for PW samples from the other fields. Produced water from Niger Delta oil fields was effectively treated of contaminants using four selected bio-adsorbents mixed simultaneously.

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Design and Fabrication of a Multistage Solar Still With Three Focal Concentric Collectors

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4039351 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 140 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fayadh M. Abed

Keyword(s):

Produced Water ◽

Low Cost ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Solar Still ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Evaporation And Condensation ◽

Energy Cycle ◽

Design And Manufacture

This research is intended to design and manufacture a multilayer solar distiller at a promising cost. The solar distiller manufactured has the same design as simple water distillers, which are based on the principle of evaporation and condensation with a different energy cycle, where the processes of evaporation and condensation are completely isolated. The obtained results showed that the amount of produced water has increased by 60% compared to the traditional solar distillers, where the system is not isolated. No catalysts were used, and the areas of the evaporation and condensation have also been increased leading to the production of distilled water under natural conditions and low cost. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental results is performed. The productivity was as follows: 8.45, 11.04, 12.20, 21.44, 18.69, 16.15, and 14.49 L/day in January, February, March, September, October, November, and December, respectively.

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Glycerol Salicylate-based Pulp-Capping Material Containing Portland Cement

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201300218 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 357-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fernando Freitas Portella ◽

Fabrício Mezzomo Collares ◽

Paula Dapper Santos ◽

Cláudia Sartori ◽

Everton Wegner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Water Sorption ◽

Methyl Salicylate ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Pulp Capping ◽

Lower Solubility ◽

Before And After ◽

And Diffusion

<p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water sorption, solubility, pH and ability to diffuse into dentin of a glycerol salicylate-based, pulp-capping cement in comparison to a conventional calcium hydroxide-based pulp capping material (Hydcal). An experimental cement was developed containing 60% glycerol salicylate resin, 10% methyl salicylate, 25% calcium hydroxide and 5% Portland cement. Water sorption and solubility were determined based on mass changes in the samples before and after the immersion in distilled water for 7 days. Material discs were stored in distilled water for 24 h, 7 days and 28 days, and a digital pHmeter was used to measure the pH of water. The cement's ability to diffuse into bovine dentin was assessed by Raman spectroscopy. The glycerol salicylate-based cement presented higher water sorption and lower solubility than Hydcal. The pH of water used to store the samples increased for both cements, reaching 12.59±0.06 and 12.54±0.05 after 7 days, for Hydcal and glycerol salicylate-based cements, respectively. Both cements were able to turn alkaline the medium at 24 h and sustain its alkalinity after 28 days. Hydcal exhibited an intense diffusion into dentin up to 40 µm deep, and the glycerol salicylate-based cement penetrated 20 µm. The experimental glycerol salicylate-based cement presents good sorption, solubility, ability to alkalize the surrounding tissues and diffusion into dentin to be used as pulp capping material.</p>

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Flooding with Biopolymer from Microbes Derived from Mushroom and Cabbage to Enhance Sweep Efficiency in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.492 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1113 ◽

pp. 492-497 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Effah Yahya ◽

Nur Hashimah Alias ◽

Tengku Amran Tengku Mohd ◽

Nurul Aimi Ghazali ◽

Tajnor Suriya binti Taju Ariffin

Keyword(s):

Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Xanthan Gum ◽

Shake Flask ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Edible Mushroom ◽

Recovery Factor ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Sweep Efficiency ◽

Extraction And Purification

In this study, local isolated Xanthomonas campestries has been used from local cabbage for xanthan gum production via fermentation in shake flask. The product was then recovered with isopropanol and dried. Meanwhile, for extraction and purification of mushroom polysaccharide, we use dead edible mushroom has been used. Polysaccharide mushroom was extracted with NaOH solutions at 100 ͦ C for 24 hrs. Next, polysaccharide was precipitated separately by the addition of ethanol and the resulting polysaccharide extract were dissolved in distilled water. In the present study, different type of biopolymers was used in order to determine the oil recovery with different concentrations. Biopolymers used in this experiment are xanthan gum and mushroom polysaccharide. The properties of both biopolymers were tested for 3000 ppm and 10000 ppm of concentration. The results shown higher oil recovery factor obtained from the mushroom polysaccharide, which is 84.14%. Meanwhile, the highest recovery obtained by xanthan is about 67.44% only. As a conclusion, increasing polymer concentration will increase the oil recovery factor.

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