scholarly journals Local labour demand and immigrant employment

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 101808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz Azlor ◽  
Anna Piil Damm ◽  
Marie Louise Schultz-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Demand ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Immigrant Employment

An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282
Author(s):  
Ziwei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Labour Demand ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Migrations ◽  
Rural To Urban Migration ◽  
Employment Sectors

The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.

Миграция населения Кыргызстана: специфика и последствия

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Кымбат Жекшен кызы
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Gender Aspect ◽  
External Migration

Аннотация. В статье рассмотрена миграция населения, в том числе ее национальный и половозрастной состав, основные причины миграции, проблемы трудовой миграции и ее последствия, основные характеристики данного процесса, интенсивность современных миграционных процессов в Кыргызстане, особенности местного рынка труда, гендерный аспект миграционных процессов. Миграция рассмотрена как сложный процесс, затрагивающий многие стороны социально-экономической жизни, прямо влияющий на демографическую ситуацию в стране. Приведены статистические данные существующей ситуации в сфере миграции. Проведен анализ действующего законодательства Кыргызской Республики, регулирующего миграционные процессы. Приведены социально-экономические аспекты проблем миграции, их влияние на экономическое развитие Кыргызской Республики. Ключевые слова: миграция; население; внешняя миграция; трудовая миграция; причины миграции; демография; отток населения; безработные; разводы; дефицитные профессии. Аннотация. Макалада калктык миграция, анын улуттук, жыныстык жана жашка ылайык составы, миграциянцын негизги себептери, эмгек миграциянын маселелери жана анын таасирлери, аталган процесстин негизги өзгөчөлүктөрү, Кыргызстандагы азыркы миграциялык процесстеринин чымыркануу, жергиликтүү эмгек рыногунун өзгөчөлүктөрү, миграциялык процесстеринин гендердик аспекти каралган. Демографиялык абалына түздөн-түз таасирин тийген жана социалдык-экономикалык турмушуна таасир тийген миграция татаал процесс болуп көрсөтүлгөн. Миграциянын учурдагы кырдаалынын статистикалык маалыматтар каралган. Миграция процесстерин жөнгө салган Кыргыз Республикасынын мыйзамдарынын талдоосу кылынган. Миграциянын маселелеринин социалдык-экономикалык аспекттери жана алардын Кыргыз Республикасынын экономикалык өнүгүүсүнө таасирлери көрсөтүлгөн. Түйүндүү сөздөр: миграция; калк; тышкы миграция; эмгек миграция; миграциянын себептери; демография; калктын агымы; жумушсуздар; ажырашуулар; дефициттүү кесиптер. Annotation. The article deals with the migration of the population, including its national and demographic composition, the main reasons of labour migration and its consequences, the main characteristics of this process, the intensity of contemporary migration processes in Kyrgyzstan, especially in the local labour market, the gender aspect of migration processes. Migration is considered as a complex process affecting many aspects of socio-economic life, directly influencing the demographic situation in the country. The statistical data of the existing situation in the sphere of migration. The analysis of the current legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic, regulating migration processes. Given the socio-economic aspects of migration, their impact on the economic development of the Kyrgyz Republic. Keywords: migration; population; external migration;labor migration; reasons for migration; demography; population outflow; jobless; divorces; deficient professions

Low-Cost Technology for Water Pollution Control in Developing Countries

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1337-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G G Cillié
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Pollution Control ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
International Water ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Local Materials

An estimated 80 % of all illnesses in developing countries is in one way or another related to water. In order to alleviate this most serious condition, the united Nations has initiated the “International Water Decade”, for which the estimated costs are $600 000 million, a sum which is far beyond any available means. By application of “low-cost technology” this sum could be reduced to $100 000 million which brings the objective within the reach of possibility. Details are given of the design and methods of construction of units which are best suited to the specific requirements and which would be simple, reliable and economical to operate. These can be constructed largely from local materials and by local labour. The need for appropriate training of both operators and the user population is stressed.

The Economic Imperative: Cities Need Migrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110132
Author(s):  
Astha Agarwalla ◽  
Errol D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Industry Concentration ◽  
Wage Curve ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
Local Labour

The policy responses to Covid-19 have triggered large-scale reverse migration from cities to rural areas in developing countries, exposing the vulnerability of migrants living precarious lives in cities, giving rise to debates asserting to migration as undesirable and favouring policy options to discourage the process. However, the very basis of spatial concentration and formation of cities is presence of agglomeration economies, benefits accruing to economic agents operating in cities. Presence of these agglomeration benefits in local labour markets manifests themselves in the form of an upward sloping wage curve in urban areas. We estimate the upward sloping wage curve for various size classes of cities in Indian economy and establish the presence of positive returns to occupation and industry concentration at urban locations. Controlling for worker-specific characteristics influencing wages, we establish that higher the share of an industry or an occupation in local employment as compared to national economy, the desirability of firms to pay higher wages increases. For casual labourers, occupational concentration results in higher wages. However, impact of industry concentration varies across sectors. Results supporting presence of upward sloping urban wage curve, therefore, endorse policies to correct the market failure in cities and promote migration as a desirable process. JEL Classification Codes: J2, R2

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