Energy status, measured by computer tomography (CT)-scanning, and milk quality of dairy goats fed rations with various energy concentrations

Beim Bohren von kohlefaserverstärktem Kunststoff treten verstärkt Schädigungen wie Delaminationen und Faserüberstände auf. Mit dem Ziel die Bohrlochqualität zu verbessern, wurde der Einfluss der Werkstückeinspannung hinsichtlich Einspanngeometrie, -kraft und -material untersucht. Zusätzlich zur konventionellen optischen Delaminationsmessung wurde die äußere und die innere Delamination mittels Mikrocomputertomografie analysiert. Durch eine Optimierung der Einspannung konnte die Bohrlochqualität gesteigert werden.   When drilling carbon fiber reinforced polymers damages like delamination and fiber protrusion appear. Aiming to improve the drill hole quality, the influence of the fastening device with respect to fastening geometry, force and material is analyzed. In addition to the conventional optical delamination measurement, the outer and inner delamination is investigated by micro computer tomography. The optimization of the fastening device leads to a higher drill hole quality.

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Biomechanics and Numerical Evaluation of Cervical Porcine Models Considering Compressive Loads Using 2-D Classic Computer Tomography CT, 3-D Scanner and 3 -D Computed Tomography

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.24-25.287 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24-25 ◽

pp. 287-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Juan Alfonso Beltrán-Fernández ◽

Luis Héctor Hernández-Gómez ◽

G. Urriolagoitia-Calderón ◽

A. González-Rebatú ◽

G. Urriolagoitia-Sosa

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Bone Graft ◽

Vertebral Body ◽

Computer Tomography ◽

Numerical Evaluation ◽

Ct Scanning ◽

Biomechanical Behavior ◽

Compressive Loads ◽

Classic Technique ◽

Cervical Plate

In this paper the biomechanical behavior and numerical evaluation results of three C3-C5 porcine cervical models created with different modeling techniques are shown. The objective of this evaluation is to know the differences between the biomechanical effects on a bone graft, which replaces a damaged C4 vertebral body, a titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V) cervical plate, used to isolate the C4 damaged vertebra, and the influence on the compressive loads on the complete and instrumented C3-C5 cervical model. The biomechanical integrity of the healthy C3 and C5 vertebral body after the fixation of the cervical plate using titanium alloy screws is considered. Besides, 2-D Computer Tomography classic technique, 3-D Scanner Z-Corp 700 and a CT scanning Philips Brilliance system was used to create the three FEM models. In addition, 3-D Software as Pro-E Wildfire 4.0, ScanIP 3.1, UGS NX-4 and Geomagics R 10.0 was used to create specific numerical model. Main displacements and von Misses stresses between the upper and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies and the bone graft and the influence of the titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V) screws on the vertebral body of C3 and C5 were evaluated. The contribution of this study is to optimize the actual surgical technique once the numerical results on the FEM model have been analyzed. In other words, the numerical disparity between classic CT techniques versus 3-D modern techniques is established.

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A Review of the Evolution of Dairy Policies and Regulations in Rwanda and Its Implications on Inputs and Services Delivery

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.611298 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Naphtal Habiyaremye ◽

Emily Awuor Ouma ◽

Nadhem Mtimet ◽

Gideon Aiko Obare

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Development Project ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Public And Private ◽

Services Delivery ◽

Health Inputs ◽

Public And Private Sector ◽

Veterinary Products

The dairy sector in Rwanda plays a key role in improving nutrition and generating income mostly for rural households. Despite the Rwandan 1994 genocide that left around 80% of dairy cows decimated, the dairy sector has experienced significant growth in the past two decades through government, development organisations, and donor programs, and through the nascent vibrant public–private partnership. In this paper, we reviewed and documented the evolution of the dairy policies, programs, and regulations in Rwanda and how they have contributed to the development of the dairy sector. The policy change has impacted the provision and use of inputs and services that have shaped the sector's milk production and productivity, milk quality, and demand. The results suggest that various policy- and program-level interventions have positively contributed to the growth of the dairy sector and improved the livelihoods of low-income households. This has been achieved through increased access to inputs and services, enhanced capacities of the public and private sector to deliver services, strengthened dairy cooperatives' governance, and increased value proposition to members of various farmer groups and promotion of milk consumption. We find that some of the implemented policies and programs, such as the “Girinka” (one cow per poor family) program, Rwanda Dairy Competitiveness Program II, and Rwanda Dairy Development Project, have resulted in improved farmer access to improved cow breeds and improved milk quality and cow productivity through enhanced health inputs and other services. While the dairy policies, programs, and regulations in Rwanda have paved the way for the development of the dairy sector and contributed to the provision and use of inputs and services, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. Accessibility and use of veterinary and artificial insemination services are limited by the quality of veterinary products, while the inadequate quality of feeds leads to low productivity of improved cow breeds. Consequently, farmers' uptake and use of inputs and services can be enhanced through a strengthened capacity of milk collection centres and health and animal feed policies that guide and control the quality of veterinary products and feeds sold in the markets.

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EFFECT OF FREEZING ON THE MILK QUALITY OF COWS

The Agrarian Scientific Journal ◽

10.28983/asj.y2020i9pp54-57 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

Lyubov Valentinovna Efimova ◽

Tatyana Vyacheslavovna Zaznobina ◽

Elena Vladimirovna Gatilova ◽

Olga Valeryevna Ivanova

Keyword(s):

Quality Indicators ◽

Age Groups ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Before And After ◽

Frozen State ◽

Term Storage ◽

Two Age Groups

Due to the fact that milk has a short shelf life, the issue of its freezing and long-term storage in the frozen state is relevant. A study was conducted on the effect of freezing on the milk quality after its defrosting of cows-mothers and cows-daughters of Red-Motley breed. As a result, it was established how milk quality indicators to change after five months of storage in a frozen state in cows of two age groups. A high correlation was established between quality indicators before and after freezing. The influence of the “freezing” factor on milk quality indicators was recognized statistically significant, the “generation” factor – not significant.

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Effects of dietary energy levels using calcium salts of fatty acids on nutritive value of diets and milk quality in peripartum dairy goats

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542014000300009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 286-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rodrigo de Souza ◽

Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽

Bruna Hygino ◽

Bruna Susan de Labio Molina ◽

Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Level ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dairy Goats

Peripartum is a critical period for dairy goats, as dry matter intake (DMI) is not enough to supply the energy requirement for foetal growth and subsequent lactation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) to increase dietary energy level of peripartum dairy goats and its effects on nutritive value of diets and milk quality. Twenty multiparous Saanen goats (body weight 63.5±10.3 kg) were distributed in a completely randomised design in four treatments at the following dietary energy levels: 2.6 Mcal of metabolisable energy per kg of dry matter (Mcal ME/kg DM) - control diet; and 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9 Mcal/kg DM - with added CSFA. Goats were housed in individual stalls and evaluated in the peripartum period, by measuring body weight (BW), DMI, dry matter and nutrient digestibility of diets, blood composition, and milk quality and yield. Increasing dietary energy level to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had no effect on BW and did not limit DMI. CSFA supplementation increased intake of total digestible nutrients and did not affect fibre digestion. Blood triglycerides and cholesterol concentration increased with CSFA addition. The treatments had no effect on milk yield and composition; however, CSFA supplementation changed the fatty acid concentration of milk fat, increasing levels of polyunsaturated and essential fatty acids. In conclusion, peripartum dairy goats supplemented with CSFA to increase dietary energy level up to 2.9 Mcal ME/kg DM had a greater supply of total digestible nutrients and showed altered fatty acid concentration of milk fat.

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From swill milk to certified milk

10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0035 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 247-252

Author(s):

Michael Obladen

Keyword(s):

Infant Nutrition ◽

Milk Quality ◽

The Us ◽

Other Substances ◽

Quality Of Milk ◽

Sterilized Milk ◽

Consultation Services ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Sewage Systems

Industrialization and urbanization jeopardized infant nutrition during the 19th century. Cow’s milk was produced in the cities or transported long distances under suspect conditions. Milk was contaminated with bacteria or adulterated with water, flour, chalk, and other substances. When distilleries proliferated in the metropoles, their waste slop was fed to cows who then produced thin and contaminated swill milk. Following a press campaign in the US, the sale of swill milk was prohibited in 1861. Bacterial counts became available in 1881 and helped to improve the quality of milk. Debates on pasteurization remained controversial. Disposal of the wastewater of millions of inhabitants and the manure of thousands of cows was environmentally hazardous. It was not until 1860 and after several pandemics of Asiatic cholera, that effective sewage systems were built in the metropoles. Milk depots were established in the US by Koplik for sterilized and by Coit for certified milk. In France, consultation services named goutte de lait distributed sterilized milk and educated mothers. Efforts to improve milk quality culminated in the International Congresses for the Prevention of Infantile Mortality.

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