Comparing natural and artificial thermal maturation of a Type II-S source rock, Late Cretaceous, Israel

Abstract This research aims to conduct source rock characterization on the Narimba Formation in the Bass Basin, Australia, which is made of mostly sandstone, shale and coal. The geochemical characteristics and depositional environments have been investigated through a variety of data such as rock–eval pyrolysis, TOC, organic petrography and biomarkers. Total organic carbon (TOC) values indicated good to excellent organic richness with values ranging from 1.1 to 79.2%. Kerogen typing of the examined samples from the Narimba Formation indicates that the formation contains organic matter capable of generating kerogen Type-III, Type-II-III and Type-II which is gas prone, oil–gas prone and oil prone, respectively. Pyrolysis maturity parameters (Tmax, PI), in combination with vitrinite reflectance and some biomarkers, all confirm that all samples are at early mature to mature and are in the oil and wet gas windows. The biomarkers data (the isoprenoids (Pr/Ph), CPI, isoprenoids/n-alkanes distribution (Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18), in addition to the regular sterane biomarkers (C27, C28 and C29) are mainly used to evaluate the paleodepositional environment, maturity and biodegradation. It has been interpreted that the Narimba Formation was found to be deposited in non-marine (oxygen-rich) depositional environment with a dominance of terrestrial plant sources. All the analyzed samples show clear indication to be considered at the early mature to mature oil window with some indication of biodegradation.

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Initial analysis of the Jurassic “Nordegg Member”, Fernie Formation: using paleomagnetism to date source rock thermal maturation

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C ◽

10.1016/s1474-7065(02)00105-5 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 27 (25-31) ◽

pp. 1161-1168 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.T Cioppa ◽

D.T.A Symons ◽

M Flore

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Thermal Maturation ◽

Initial Analysis

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Liquid hydrocarbon characterization of the lacustrine Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China: Organic-matter source variation and thermal maturity

Interpretation ◽

10.1190/int-2016-0114.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. SF225-SF242 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xun Sun ◽

Quansheng Liang ◽

Chengfu Jiang ◽

Daniel Enriquez ◽

Tongwei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Source Rock ◽

Ordos Basin ◽

Depositional Environments ◽

Source Rocks ◽

Type I ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Type Ii ◽

Thermal Maturity ◽

Yanchang Formation

Source-rock samples from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin of China were geochemically characterized to determine variations in depositional environments, organic-matter (OM) source, and thermal maturity. Total organic carbon (TOC) content varies from 4 wt% to 10 wt% in the Chang 7, Chang 8, and Chang 9 members — the three OM-rich shale intervals. The Chang 7 has the highest TOC and hydrogen index values, and it is considered the best source rock in the formation. Geochemical evidence indicates that the main sources of OM in the Yanchang Formation are freshwater lacustrine phytoplanktons, aquatic macrophytes, aquatic organisms, and land plants deposited under a weakly reducing to suboxic depositional environment. The elevated [Formula: see text] sterane concentration and depleted [Formula: see text] values of OM in the middle of the Chang 7 may indicate the presence of freshwater cyanobacteria blooms that corresponds to a period of maximum lake expansion. The OM deposited in deeper parts of the lake is dominated by oil-prone type I or type II kerogen or a mixture of both. The OM deposited in shallower settings is characterized by increased terrestrial input with a mixture of types II and III kerogen. These source rocks are in the oil window, with maturity increasing with burial depth. The measured solid-bitumen reflectance and calculated vitrinite reflectance from the temperature at maximum release of hydrocarbons occurs during Rock-Eval pyrolysis ([Formula: see text]) and the methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1) chemical maturity parameters range from 0.8 to [Formula: see text]. Because the thermal labilities of OM are associated with the kerogen type, the required thermal stress for oil generation from types I and II mixed kerogen has a higher and narrower range of temperature for hydrocarbon generation than that of OM dominated by type II kerogen or types II and III mixed kerogen deposited in the prodelta and delta front.

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Evolution characteristics and model of nanopore structure and adsorption capacity in organic-rich shale during artificial thermal maturation: A pyrolysis study of the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling marine shale with type II kerogen from Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1177/0144598718810256 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 493-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Liangwei Xu ◽

Yang Wang ◽

Luofu Liu ◽

Lei Chen ◽

Ji Chen

Keyword(s):

Pore Structure ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Surface Area ◽

Pore Volume ◽

Oil Shale ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Type Ii ◽

Thermal Maturation ◽

Evolution Characteristics ◽

Nanopore Structure

Thermal maturity has a considerable impact on hydrocarbon generation, mineral conversion, nanopore structure, and adsorption capacity evolution of shale, but that impact on organic-rich marine shales containing type II kerogen has been rarely subjected to explicit and quantitative characterization. This study aims to obtain information regarding the effects of thermal maturation on organic matter, mineral content, pore structure, and adsorption capacity evolution of marine shale. Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling immaturity marine oil shale with type II kerogen in Zhangjiakou of Hebei, China, was chosen for anhydrous pyrolysis to simulate the maturation process. With increasing simulation temperature, hydrocarbon generation and mineral transformation promote the formation, development, and evolution of pores in the shale. The original and simulated samples consist of closed microspores and one-end closed pores of the slit throat, all-opened wedge-shaped capillaries, and fractured or lamellar pores, which are related to the plate particles of clay. The increase in maturity can promote the formation and development of pores in the shale. Heating can also promote the accumulation, formation, and development of pores, leading to a large pore volume and surface area. The temperature increase can promote the development of pore volume and surface area of 1–10 and 40-nm diameter pores. The formation and development of pore volume and surface area of 1–10 nm diameter pores are more substantial than that of 40-nm diameter pores. The pore structure evolution of the sample can be divided into pore adjustment (T < 350°C, EqRo < 0.86%), development (350°C < T < 650°C, 0.86% < EqRo < 3.28%), and conversion or destruction stages (T > 650°C, EqRo > 3.28%). Along with the increase in maturity, the methane adsorption content decreases in the initial simulation stage, increases in the middle simulation stage, and reaches the maximum value at 650°C, after which it gradually decreases. A general evolution model is proposed by combining the nanopore structure and the adsorption capacity evolution characteristics of the oil shale.

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Impact of Oil-Prone Sedimentary Organic Matter Quality and Hydrocarbon Generation on Source Rock Porosity: Artificial Thermal Maturation Approach

ACS Omega ◽

10.1021/acsomega.0c01432 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (23) ◽

pp. 14013-14029 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amélie Cavelan ◽

Mohammed Boussafir ◽

Claude Le Milbeau ◽

Fatima Laggoun-Défarge

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Source Rock ◽

Sedimentary Organic Matter ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Organic Matter Quality ◽

Thermal Maturation ◽

Rock Porosity

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Molecular geochemical evaluation of Late Cretaceous sediments from Chad (Bornu) Basin, NE Nigeria: implications for paleodepositional conditions, source input and thermal maturation

Arabian Journal of Geosciences ◽

10.1007/s12517-014-1341-y ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1591-1609 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adebanji Kayode Adegoke ◽

Babangida M. Sarki Yandoka ◽

Wan Hasiah Abdullah ◽

Izuchukwu Mike Akaegbobi

Keyword(s):

Late Cretaceous ◽

Thermal Maturation ◽

Geochemical Evaluation

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Source rock analysis, thermal maturation and hydrocarbon generation using rock-eval pyrolysis in parts of Krishna–Godavari basin, India: a case study

Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ◽

10.1007/s13202-012-0041-y ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 11-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K. Ramachandran ◽

Vinay Babu ◽

Bijaya K. Behera ◽

T. Harinarayana

Keyword(s):

Source Rock ◽

Hydrocarbon Generation ◽

Thermal Maturation ◽

Rock Analysis ◽

Rock Eval ◽

Godavari Basin

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Évolution thermique et potentiel pétroligène par l'étude des kérogènes, des extraits organiques, des gaz adsorbés, des argiles, du sondage Karlsefni H-13 (offshore Labrador, Canada)

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e81-173 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1856-1877 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Y. Héroux ◽

R. Bertrand ◽

A. Chagnon ◽

J. Connan ◽

J-L. Pittion ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineralogy ◽

Maturation Stage ◽

Type Ii ◽

Thermal Maturation ◽

Wet Gas ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Organic Extracts ◽

Microscopic Studies ◽

Maturation Stages ◽

Analytical Parameter

The Tertiary sequence of the Labrador offshore (Karlsefni H-13 well) is formed by clayey–detrital lithologies for which thermal maturation and oil potential have been established.The kerogen of this sequence is ligneous (type III) but shows a slight tendancy towards a more sapropelic (type II) character between 2000 and 3300 m. The amorphogen, abundant throughout the borehole, is partly derived from the destruction of woody matter. The sapropelic trend of the kerogen corresponds to an increase of the organic carbon and amorphogen content. In this sequence, the best oil potential (fair to good) would be offered by the lithologies between 2000 and 3300 m, if the appropriate catagenetic zone had been reached.The amount of gas produced with respect to oil, in the 2000–3300 m interval, is a function of the thermal maturation. The oil window maturation stage (potential oil window (POW)) is reached at 3750 m. Two thermal maturation stages occurred before the POW: an upper dry gas (methane) stage (2160–2520 m) and an upper wet gas (condensate) stage (2520–3750 m). A biogenic gas zone (650–765 m) also occurs at the top of the unproductive immature zone. More than one analytical parameter must be used to differentiate these diagenetic stages. These parameters come from the physico-chemical and microscopic studies of the kerogens, organic extracts, adsorbed gases, and clay mineralogy.

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