scholarly journals A semi-quantitative model for ranking the risk of incursion of exotic animal pathogens into a European Union Member State

2021 ◽  
pp. 100175
Author(s):  
Roberto Condoleo ◽  
Rachel A. Taylor ◽  
Robin R.L. Simons ◽  
Paul Gale ◽  
Ziad Mezher ◽  
...  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Sandra C Buttigieg ◽  
Gabrielle Attard Debono ◽  
Dorothy Gauci

Introduction Awareness of sexual health in Malta – a small European Union member state started to gain momentum in the new millennium. Taboos and norms about sexuality pose strong barriers for the provision of information, and reproductive health services. A major contributor is the strong influence of the Roman Catholic Church, which holds fast to its prohibitions of sexual behaviours, albeit counterbalanced by the liberal standpoint adopted by the State in recent years. Methods Survey data were collected from 269 students aged 16–21 (response rate 89.7%) in a state post-secondary school. The sample was selected through convenience sampling within the school grounds. Results Women were more knowledgeable in relation to available services and risks when compared to men. No geographical differences were found. School was the most common source for information, while health professionals, namely general practitioners were considered trusted resources for their needs. Confidentiality was deemed to be the most requested and crucial feature of sexual health services. Conclusions Three important multisectoral needs emerged, namely adequate dissemination system of sexual health information, scientifically based sexual health education for professionals in contact with young people, and well-designed and accessible sexual health services. Implications for management include updating health sexual education and promotion strategies, as well as designing better services. Young people should be able to make informed choices regarding their sexual health, in line with contemporary needs.


Author(s):  
Petr David

The level and structure of cigarettes taxation are very much in the news these days. In the field of tax on cigarettes in the European Union there is the question of whether specific rate or ad valorem rate should be used. The choice between these two rates depends on primary aim of tax policy in each European Union member state. The founding is that differential excises could be used as pro­tec­tio­nist trade barriers. Decision about tax rate on cigarettes can bring some other related effects. That is the reason why European Union established some restrictions in the field of level and structure of cigarettes taxation.


Author(s):  
Sebastiaan Wijsman ◽  
Christophe Crombez

This paper studies the effects of fiscal rules on public investment. Economists argue that fiscal rules decrease public investment, as it is easier for governments to lower public investment than current expenditures. This paper presents an empirical assessment of the relationship between fiscal rules and public investment using European panel data covering the 1997–2016 period. In contrast to previous work, we focus on national fiscal rules and use the European Commission's Fiscal Rules Strength Index to measure the constraints imposed on public finances. This index captures 230 national fiscal rules and reflects the annual strength of fiscal rules in each European Union member state. In line with our expectations, we find that fiscal rules decrease public investment. We run some additional models in which the results are mixed.


Author(s):  
Inga Pumpure ◽  
Iveta Mietule

Royalties and copyright as an economic category and topical legal terms scored in the 20th century, while improving the country's fiscal policy and differentiating tax items; the usage of economic categories of "royalties" expands and becomes important. To be able to compare how royalties beneficiaries comply with legislative acts and requirements relating to the taxation of another European Union Member State, the author compares the taxation in Latvia and Estonia. In 2018, an ambitious tax reform has been implemented in both countries.The aim of the research: to conduct a comparative study on tax requirements and issues related to royalties in Latvia and Estonia. To achieve the aim of the research, the monographic method, the methods of comparative and analytical analysis, and the grouping and graphic methods were used additionally. In the result of the research study, the author concluded that, despite the unification of tax systems in the Baltic States, the regulatory framework is different in both countries. Estonian taxpayers' tax burden in respect of royalties is significantly higher than that of the Latvian income recipient 


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