Akt-mTOR hypoactivity in bipolar disorder gives rise to cognitive impairments associated with altered neuronal structure and function

AbstractThe amygdala has received great interest as a possible neurophysiological substrate of bipolar disorder (BD). This review summarizes information about the structure and function of the amygdala with attention to its role in experienced emotion and mood. We review the evidence for amygdala pathology in psychiatric conditions and discuss the role of the amygdala in BD during development. There appear to be consistent findings in the neuroimaging literature that suggest an etiological model for BD that involves abnormalities in the structure and function of the amygdala, but also depends on the failure of prefrontal cortical regions to modulate amygdala activity. In addition, evidence is accumulating to suggest that this model has flexible outcomes, depending on factors intrinsic and extrinsic to BD, and may follow several possible paths across the course of maturational development.

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Hippocampal structure and function in individuals with bipolar disorder: A systematic review

Journal of Affective Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 174 ◽

pp. 113-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Mara Otten ◽

Martijn Meeter

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Structure And Function ◽

And Function ◽

Hippocampal Structure

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Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.0506806103 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 103 (12) ◽

pp. 4723-4728 ◽

Cited By ~ 339

Author(s):

B. L. Chen ◽

D. H. Hall ◽

D. B. Chklovskii

Keyword(s):

Structure And Function ◽

Neuronal Structure ◽

And Function ◽

Wiring Optimization

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The Use of Ginkgo Biloba L. as a Neuroprotective Agent in the Alzheimer’s Disease

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.775034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Nowak ◽

Klaudyna Kojder ◽

Joanna Zielonka-Brzezicka ◽

Jacek Wróbel ◽

Mateusz Bosiacki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Supportive Therapy ◽

Cognitive Disorders ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Neuronal Structure ◽

Brain Areas ◽

Therapeutic Protocol ◽

Common Causes ◽

And Function

Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is one of the most common causes of dementia if elderly people worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease leads to the alienation of individuals and their exclusion from social and professional life. It is characterized mainly by the degradation of memory and disorientation, which occurs as a result of the loss of neuronal structure and function in different brain areas. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to use in the treatment of natural bioactive compounds that will be effective in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. G. biloba L. and its most frequently used standardized extract (EGb 761), have been used for many years in supportive therapy and in the prevention of cognitive disorders. The paper presents an overview of reports on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, as well as a summary of the properties of G. biloba extract and its effects on the possible pathogenesis of the disease. By exploring more about the pathogenesis of the disease and the benefits of G. biloba extract for patients with Alzheimer’s disease, it will be possible to create an individualized therapeutic protocol to optimize the treatment.

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Sex Differences in Brain Structures and Functional Connectivity among Patients with Bipolar I Disorder

10.1101/2021.03.29.21254597 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ming-Yang Li ◽

Shih-Jen Tsai ◽

Albert C. Yang

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Sex Differences ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Angular Gyrus ◽

Cingulate Gyrus ◽

Bipolar I Disorder ◽

Left Thalamus ◽

And Function

Objectives: Studies have demonstrated that sex differences may play a crucial role in the alternations of brain structures in individuals with bipolar disorder, but findings are not consistent. The current study identified sex differences in brain structure and function among a large sample of individuals with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Methods: Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets were acquired from 105 individuals with BD-I (36 men and 69 women) and 210 healthy adults (72 men and 138 women). A general linear regression model was used for voxel-wise analysis of grey matter (GM) and functional connectivity. Age, sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis interaction were defined as predictors. Results: In GM, the left caudate (p < .001), left thalamus (p < .001), right caudate (p = .003), right thalamus (p < .001), left anterior cingulate gyrus (p = .015), and left middle/posterior cingulate gyrus (p = .022) exhibited sex-by-diagnosis interaction. Furthermore, by using these six brain regions as seeds, we observed sex-by-diagnosis interaction in the alteration of functional connectivity between the left thalamus and right angular gyrus (p = .019). Conclusions: Our data revealed a sex-by-diagnosis interaction associated with structure and function of the limbic system in individuals with BD-I. These findings may serve as reference for future studies on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.

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Review on various factors responsible for neurodegenerative disorders

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.1.0203 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 126-132

Author(s):

Harshwardhan J Tembhurnikar ◽

Neha D Thool ◽

Rasika J Patil ◽

Ranjita K Das

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

Protein Misfolding ◽

Critical Role ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Neuronal Structure ◽

Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽

Neurological Illnesses ◽

And Function

Neurodegenerative disorders are nervous system disorders that result in the loss of neuronal structure and function. As shown in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, these changes cause a loss of various capacities, including cognition and mobility. Several factors have been discovered to play a critical role in the etiology of common neurological illnesses, including oxidative stress and protein misfolding. It's still unclear if these factors cause or contribute to the progression of the illnesses. Despite efforts to understand the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms behind these pathways, many aspects remain unknown. The goal of this review is to investigate the numerous factors linked to neurodegeneration.

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