scholarly journals Bacteroides pyogenes isolated from appendiceal abscess in a patient without animal contact

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 100933
Author(s):  
J. Takahashi ◽  
T. Sato ◽  
N. Kobayashi ◽  
M. Sado ◽  
M.S. Aung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Appendiceal Abscess ◽  
Animal Contact

Biological Hazards

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Russi
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Novel H1n1 Influenza

This chapter describes various biological hazards and their impact on workers and others. A major focus of the chapter is biological hazards in healthcare and laboratory settings, including exposure to bloodborne pathogens and prevention of diseases related to them. Sections deal with sharps injuries, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases that can be acquired in the work environment via direct contact, droplet or airborne spread, or fecal-oral transmission. In addition, infectious agents spread by animal contact or arthropod vectors in a broad range of settings will be addressed. Newly emerging infectious or re-emerging infections, such as those due to H5N1 and novel H1N1 influenza, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) as well as agents associated with bioterrorism are discussed.

scholarly journals Burden of foodborne disease in the Netherlands: from science to policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Mughini Gras
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Animal Contact

Abstract In the Netherlands, the Ministry of Health mandates the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) to provide annual updates of the number of illnesses, disease burden and cost-of-illness caused by an agreed-upon standard panel of 14 enteric pathogens. These pathogens are mainly transmitted by food, but also via direct contact with animals, environment-mediated and human-to-human transmission routes. The disease burden is expressed in DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years), a metric integrating morbidity and mortality into one unit. Furthermore, the cost-of-illness (COI) related to these 14 pathogens is estimated and expressed in euros. The COI estimates include healthcare costs, the costs for the patient and/or his family, such as travel expenses, as well as costs in other sectors, for example due to productivity losses. Moreover, using different approaches to source attribution, the estimated DALYs and associated COI estimates are attributed to five major transmission pathways (i.e. food, environment, direct animal contact, human-human transmission, and travel) and 11 food groups within the foodborne pathway itself. The most recent DALY and COI estimates referring to the year 2018 show that the 14 pathogens in question are cumulatively responsible for about 11,000 DALYs and €426 million costs for the Dutch population in 2018, with a share for foodborne transmission being estimated at 4,300 DALYs and €171 million costs, which is comparable to previous years. These estimates have been providing vital insights for policy making as to guide public health interventions and resource allocation for over two decades in the Netherlands. Herewith, the approach and outcomes of the burden of disease and COI estimates in the Netherlands will be presented, with a focus on how these estimates enable policy-makers and the scientific community to monitor trends, generate scientific hypotheses, and undertake public health actions.

scholarly journals Sparse Evidence for Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia Infections in Humans, Domesticated Animals and Wild Nonhuman Primates Sharing a Farm–Forest Mosaic Landscape in Western Uganda

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Marie Cibot ◽  
Matthew R. McLennan ◽  
Martin Kváč ◽  
Bohumil Sak ◽  
Caroline Asiimwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Mosaic Landscape ◽  
Domesticated Animals ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Animal Contact

Zoonotic pathogen transmission is considered a leading threat to the survival of non-human primates and public health in shared landscapes. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia are unicellular parasites spread by the fecal-oral route by environmentally resistant stages and can infect humans, livestock, and wildlife including non-human primates. Using immunoassay diagnostic kits and amplification/sequencing of the region of the triosephosphate isomerase, small ribosomal subunit rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer genes, we investigated Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and microsporidia infections, respectively, among humans, domesticated animals (livestock, poultry, and dogs), and wild nonhuman primates (eastern chimpanzees and black and white colobus monkeys) in Bulindi, Uganda, an area of remarkably high human–animal contact and spatial overlap. We analyzed 137 fecal samples and revealed the presence of G. intestinalis assemblage B in two human isolates, G. intestinalis assemblage E in one cow isolate, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II in two humans and one goat isolate. None of the chimpanzee and colobus monkey samples were positive for any of the screened parasites. Regular distribution of antiparasitic treatment in both humans and domestic animals in Bulindi could have reduced the occurrence of the screened parasites and decreased potential circulation of these pathogens among host species.

scholarly journals The Implementation of Active Environmental Surveillance in a Veterinary Referral Hospital Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s409-s409
Author(s):  
Emily Feyes ◽  
Dixie Mollenkopf ◽  
Thomas Wittum ◽  
Dubraska Diaz-Campos ◽  
Rikki Horne
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
State University ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
University College ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Contact Surfaces ◽  
The Ohio State University

Emily Feyes, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Dixie Mollenkopf, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Thomas Wittum, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Dubraska Diaz-Campos, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Rikki Horne, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineBackground: The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine (OSU-CVM) Antimicrobial Stewardship Working Group (ASWG) uses monthly environmental surveillance to understand the effectiveness of our veterinary medical center (VMC) infection control and biosecurity protocols in reducing environmental contamination with multidrug resistant organisms. Monthly surveillance allows us to monitor trends in the recovery of these resistant organisms and address issues of concern that could impact our patients, clients, staff, and students. Methods: The OSU-CVM ASWG collects samples from >100 surfaces within the companion animal, farm animal, and equine sections of our hospital each month. Sampling has been continuous since January 2018. Samples are collected from both human–animal contact and human-only contact surfaces using Swiffer electrostatic cloths. These samples are cultured for recovery of Salmonella spp, extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Results: The recovery of these antibiotic resistant target organisms is low in the environment of our hospital. Recovery from human-only contact surfaces (19.8%) is very similar to recovery from human–animal contact surfaces (25.5%). We commonly recover Enterobacteriaceae (E.coli, Klebsiella spp, and Enterobacter spp) that are resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (496 of 2,016; 24.6%) from the VMC environment. These antibiotic-resistant indicator bacteria are expected in a veterinary hospital setting where use the of β-lactam drugs is common. Recovery of both Salmonella spp and CPE has remained very low in our hospital environment over the past 19 months: 16 of 2,016 (0.7%) for Salmonella and 15 of 2,016 (0.8%) for CPE. Discussion: The active environmental surveillance component of our antimicrobial stewardship program has allowed us to reduce the threat of nosocomial infections within our hospital and address environmental contamination issues before they become a problem. Our consistently low recovery of resistant organisms indicates the effectiveness of our existing cleaning and disinfection protocols and biosecurity measures. Due to the nature of our patient population, we do expect to find resistant organisms in the patient-contact areas of the hospital environment. However, our similar rates of resistant organisms from human-only surfaces (eg, computer keyboards, door handles, telephones, and Cubex machines) indicates a need to improve our hand hygiene practices. These data are now supporting the implementation of a new hand hygiene campaign in our veterinary hospital.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Modes of transmission of rumen protozoa between mature sheep

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon H. Bird ◽  
R. S. Hegarty ◽  
R. Woodgate
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate routes by which viable rumen ciliate-protozoa may be transferred between mature sheep. Feed, water and faecal material were tested as possible vectors for protozoal transfer in addition to direct animal to animal contact. In Experiment 1, protozoa-free sheep were either offered or orally dosed with protozoa-contaminated material or allowed contact with faunated animals. The treated sheep were then monitored over a 4-week period for the appearance of protozoa in the rumen. Protozoa were successfully transferred to protozoa-free animals via contaminated water but no transfer occurred via feed or faeces or by direct animal to animal contact. In Experiment 2, the drinking water of penned faunated sheep was found to become contaminated with protozoa within 4–6 h of being placed in the pen. In Experiment 3, nine protozoa-free sheep were grazed in a paddock with a flock of 75 faunated ewes for periods of 1–3 weeks, and protozoa became established in one protozoa-free sheep. The results of these studies suggest that the most likely mode of transfer of protozoal cells from one sheep to another is via water, rather than by rumen fluid contaminating feed, or from faeces of faunated sheep. Further tests are required to demonstrate protozoal transmission via water occur under a range of conditions and inoculum levels.

scholarly journals A case–control study of scrapie Nor98 in Norwegian sheep flocks

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 3729-3736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Hopp ◽  
Mohamed K. Omer ◽  
Berit T. Heier
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Classical Scrapie ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Animal Contact ◽  
Control Study

Scrapie is a fatal, neurological disease of sheep and goats and belongs to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. In 1998, a new type of scrapie, designated scrapie Nor98, was detected in Norway. Scrapie Nor98 differs from classical scrapie in the distribution of pathological changes and of the scrapie prion protein, the Western blot profile of the prion protein, and with isolated cases usually being observed in the case flocks. In 2004, a case–control study was conducted on scrapie Nor98 with 28 cases and 102 randomly selected controls. The questionnaire included questions on demographic data, animal contact between sheep flocks, indirect contact with equipment, use of concentrate feed and supplemental feeds, and use of medicines and vaccines. The data were analysed by using logistic regression with the sheep flock as the statistical unit. In the final model, the detection of scrapie Nor98 was related to the practice of not removing all afterbirths, the use of vitamin and mineral feed supplements, the absence of concentrate feed of swine or poultry on the farm and the presence of dogs on the farm. The results show that the epidemiology of scrapie Nor98 differs from that of classical scrapie in that no risk factors that indicate transmission of scrapie Nor98 between flocks by movement or direct contact between animals were found. Furthermore, the association between scrapie Nor98 and mineral intake shown herein should be explored further. Although the possibility that scrapie Nor98 has a low transmissibility between animals under natural conditions cannot be ruled out, the results would also be in accordance with a spontaneous aetiology.

scholarly journals Is There Still a Benefit to Operate Appendiceal Abscess On Board French Nuclear Submarines?

2009 ◽  
Vol 174 (8) ◽  
pp. 874-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Hornez ◽  
Gabriel Gellie ◽  
Fabrice Entine ◽  
Sébastien Ottomani ◽  
Tristan Monchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Appendiceal Abscess
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