scholarly journals The role of character traits in economic games

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willibald Ruch ◽  
Richard Bruntsch ◽  
Lisa Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Character Traits ◽  
Economic Games

La troisième dimension — De la fonction éthique et esthétique du décor dans le théâtre de machines français du XVIIe siècle

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-168
Author(s):  
Kirsten Dickhaut
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Optical Illusion ◽  
Stage Design ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Xviie Siecle ◽  
The Aesthetic

AbstractThe machine theatre in France achieves its peak in the second half of the seventeenth century. It is the construction of machines that permits the adequate representation of the third dimension on stage. This optical illusion is created by flying characters, as heroes, gods, or demons moving horizontally and vertically. The enumeration indicates that only characters possessing either ethically exemplary character traits or incorporating sin are allowed to fly. Therefore, the third dimension indicates bienséance – or its opposite. According to this, the following thesis is deduced: The machine theatre illustrates via aesthetic concerns characterising its third dimension an ethic foundation. Ethic and aesthetics determine each other in the context of both, decorum and in theatre practice. In order to prove this thesis three steps are taken. First of all, the machine theatre’s relationship to imitation and creation is explored. Second, the stage design, representing the aesthetic benefits of the machines in service of the third dimension, are explained. Finally, the concrete example of Pierre Corneille’s Andromède is analysed by pointing out the role of Pegasus and Perseus.

scholarly journals The Functional Morphology of Avicularia in Cheilostome Bryozoans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michelle Clare Carter
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Habitat Differences ◽  
Cheilostome Bryozoans

<p>Avicularia are modified zooids characteristic of cheilostome bryozoans. Through evolutionary time the functional capacity of the polypide has evolved and is now a vestigial feature within the avicularium. The functional role of avicularia in the colony is unclear. Unable to feed, avicularia are dependent on nutrients from the parental or neighbouring zooids and therefore constitute a significant metabolic cost in production and maintenance, a cost which must be met by some reciprocal function. Details on the functional morphology of avicularia are severely lacking with avicularia constituting a large gap in the knowledge of cheilostome biology. By examining their biology, this study will enhance our understanding of the evolution and functional capacity of avicularia. Fundamentally this study will provide insight into the degree of morphological and morphometric divergence among avicularia. The objective of this study was to: (1) conduct a morphological survey of the putative sensory structures associated with the palate (or orificial structures) of avicularia (SEM); (2) conduct an ultrastructural-level study (TEM) of the vestigial polypide from two species of bugulids from disparate habitats; and (3) incorporate a holistic study on the behaviour and functional evolution of character traits in Bugula flabellata. The avicularia from 38 species of cheilostome bryozoans were examined covering 11 superfamilies, 18 families and 29 genera. The results indicate that avicularia are morphologically diverse and display extensive variation in avicularian orifice morphology. Structures associated with the orifice varied from tufts of cilia, simple pores, tubular protuberances, and pores with an organic exude. The adventitious avicularia dominated (83%) and displayed the greatest morphometric diversity compared with interzooidal, vicarious and vibracular types. Within superfamilies, only the catenicellids displayed a significant level of morphometric and anatomical congruence. The density of avicularia within a colony was greatest by combining adventitious and vibracular types (e.g. Caberea). This finding may represent an evolutionary shift towards maximisation of function within a smaller spatial scale. The ultrastructure of the vestigial polypide of the subtidal B. flabellata and deep-sea Nordgaardia cornucopioides revealed disparities suggestive of differing functional roles either as a result of habitat differences or differing stages of evolutionary development. The avicularium of B. flabellata has undergone significant modification in character traits from the plesiomorphic autozooid. The current anatomy and behaviour of this avicularium provides strong evidence for a mechanoreceptive function whereby detection of tactile stimuli from passing invaders is important in the functional role of the bird's-head avicularium of B. flabellata. This study is the first to examine the functional morphology of avicularia in such detail. The techniques used in this study have never been applied to avicularia before allowing numerous features such as the muscles, orificial structures and vestigial polypide anatomy to be discerned. The results indicate that avicularia are morphologically diverse and anatomically equipped to perform a variety of functions. The morphological diversity of avicularia may be of immense ecological importance and represent differing responses to various selective pressures in the environment.</p>

Shameless and Guiltless: The Role of Two Emotions in the Context of the Absence of God in Public Practice in the Indonesian Context

Exchange ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binsar Jonathan Pakpahan
Keyword(s):  
Public Domain ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Public Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Presence Of God ◽  
Shame And Guilt

God is very much present in the public domain in Indonesia. Even so, honesty and integrity are absent in public practices, especially with regard to the high number of corruption cases. Biblical communities show that the two character traits were originally inseparable in a shame-based society when acted out as both personal and public conscience by doing what God wanted them to do. In the development of Christian theology, and also specifically in the Indonesian context, the two emotions became separated. Such separation has led to the evidential lack of both of these emotions and has shown to be inoperative in the convicted corruptors in Indonesia. Anton Houtepen says that we can trace God from operative emotions. The lack of emotions of shame and guilt shows that public religiosity does not correlate with the presence of God in public practices in Indonesia.

scholarly journals The Communicative Function of Sad Facial Expressions

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491770041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Ian Reed ◽  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Alternative Theories

What are the communicative functions of sad facial expressions? Research shows that people feel sadness in response to losses but it’s unclear whether sad expressions function to communicate losses to others and if so, what makes these signals credible. Here we use economic games to test the hypothesis that sad expressions lend credibility to claims of loss. Participants play the role of either a proposer or recipient in a game with a fictional backstory and real monetary payoffs. The proposers view a (fictional) video of the recipient’s character displaying either a neutral or sad expression paired with a claim of loss. The proposer then decided how much money to give to the recipient. In three experiments, we test alternative theories by using situations in which the recipient’s losses were uncertain (Experiment 1), the recipient’s losses were certain (Experiment 2), or the recipient claims failed gains rather than losses (Experiment 3). Overall, we find that participants gave more money to recipients who displayed sad expressions compared to neutral expressions, but only under conditions of uncertain loss. This finding supports the hypothesis that sad expressions function to increase the credibility of claims of loss.

Sharing Money With Humans Versus Computers: On the Role of Honesty-Humility and (Non-)Social Preferences

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110556
Author(s):  
Yngwie Asbjørn Nielsen ◽  
Isabel Thielmann ◽  
Ingo Zettler ◽  
Stefan Pfattheicher
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Game Studies ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Social Game ◽  
The Social ◽  
As If

Does giving behavior in economic games reflect true prosocial preferences or is it due to confusion? Research showing that trait Honesty-Humility accounts for giving behavior suggests the former, whereas research showing that participants give money to a computer might suggest the latter. In three preregistered, well-powered studies, we examined the relation of Honesty-Humility with behavior in the Dictator Game (Study 1, N = 468) and Public Goods Game (Studies 2 and 3, each N = 313), while participants interacted either with humans (“social game”) or with a computer (“non-social game”). We found that (a) decisions in the non-social game predicted decisions in the social game, supporting the confusion hypothesis; (b) the effect of Honesty-Humility differed within and between games; and (b) participants who gave money to the computer reported acting as if they were playing with humans. Overall, the studies suggest that both prosocial preferences and confusion underlie giving behavior.

scholarly journals Character, Choice and Criminal Responsibility

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mousourakis
Keyword(s):  
Choice Theory ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Character Theory ◽  
Moral Significance ◽  
Choice Theorist

This paper examines the issue of criminal responsibility and the role of legal excuses from two theoretical viewpoints : the character theory and the choice theory of responsibility. The character theory claims that the moral assessment of an offender's character is a necessary prerequisite of criminal liability and punishment. Legal excuses preclude the attribution of moral and legal blame because, by negating voluntariness, they block the inference from a wrongful act to a flawed character. The choice theory, on the other hand, claims that criminal responsibility pertains to the voluntary violation of the law rather than to the doing of an immoral act as such. For the choice theorist criminal responsibility is concerned with choices rather than with character traits. From this point of view, excuses are taken to preclude criminal liability because, when these conditions are present, the actor does not have sufficient capacity or a fair opportunity to choose to act according to law. The paper concludes that the character theory, by placing the emphasis on those character traits that motivate a person's choices offers a better basis for understanding the moral significance of human actions and for explaining and justifying the attribution of criminal responsibility and punishment.

Blues, criticism, and the signifying trickster

Popular Music ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
AYANA SMITH
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
African American Literature ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Narrative Tradition ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
Different Levels

Scholars in the field of literary theory have defined clearly the role of signifying in African-American literature. This article identifies one aspect of the signifying tradition and its influence on the early blues tradition. Since the Signifying Monkey is the ultimate trickster in the African-American narrative tradition, this article presents evidence for considering the blues singer as a trickster figure at several different levels. First, the singer identifies with the trickster's character traits through pseudo-autobiographical content in song narratives, particularly in expressing socially aggressive or unacceptable exploits. Second, the trickster figure can be perceived as the singer's alter ego, as in songs about the boll weevil and similar folk characters. Third, the topics or tropes associated with crossroads and railways, used frequently in blues texts, relate to the liminal nature of Esu-Elegbara (the African ancestor of the Signifying Monkey), who embodies the boundary between the word and its (mis)interpretation.

scholarly journals The Influence of Mate Choice Motivation on Non-financial Altruism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manpal Singh Bhogal ◽  
James Edward Bartlett ◽  
Daniel Farrelly
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Mating Signal ◽  
Cohen's D

Several studies have found that individuals are more altruistic towards potential mates than others, suggesting altruistic behavior may be a mating signal. Much of the literature focuses on financial altruism using economic games, however altruism can also comprise of non-financial acts, which this experiment examined in an attempt to replicate and refine these previous findings. A study was conducted with 199 participants, who viewed both high attractive and low attractive opposite-sex images, and were asked how likely they would be to altruistically share their research credits with the person in the image, whilst controlling for self-rated attractiveness. The findings suggest that both men and women were more altruistic towards pictures of high attractive than low attractive potential mating partners (Cohen’s d = 0.37). This study therefore partially replicates previous research exploring the role of mate choice effects when exploring non-financial altruism.

The Perception of Virtue

2020 ◽  
pp. 256-272
Author(s):  
Jennifer Matey
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Character Traits ◽  
Moral Virtues ◽  
Epistemic Virtues ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Epistemic Role

It is not uncommon for people to like what they take as morally good. And often these feelings of esteem for virtue come prior to conscious cognitive appraisals about character. This chapter outlines a framework for understanding some emotional responses of esteem to perceived good character as representing the character traits as valuable, and hence, as virtues. It is proposed that these esteeming experiences are analogous to perceptual representations in other modalities in their epistemic role as causing, providing content for, and in justifying beliefs regarding the value of the traits they represent. The role of the perceiver’s own character in their ability to recognize and respond appropriately to virtue in others is also discussed. It is shown that moral virtues can also be epistemic virtues when it comes to facilitating knowledge about the character of people we encounter.

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