scholarly journals The Communicative Function of Sad Facial Expressions

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491770041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Ian Reed ◽  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Alternative Theories

What are the communicative functions of sad facial expressions? Research shows that people feel sadness in response to losses but it’s unclear whether sad expressions function to communicate losses to others and if so, what makes these signals credible. Here we use economic games to test the hypothesis that sad expressions lend credibility to claims of loss. Participants play the role of either a proposer or recipient in a game with a fictional backstory and real monetary payoffs. The proposers view a (fictional) video of the recipient’s character displaying either a neutral or sad expression paired with a claim of loss. The proposer then decided how much money to give to the recipient. In three experiments, we test alternative theories by using situations in which the recipient’s losses were uncertain (Experiment 1), the recipient’s losses were certain (Experiment 2), or the recipient claims failed gains rather than losses (Experiment 3). Overall, we find that participants gave more money to recipients who displayed sad expressions compared to neutral expressions, but only under conditions of uncertain loss. This finding supports the hypothesis that sad expressions function to increase the credibility of claims of loss.

scholarly journals Dynamic facial expressions of emotion decouple emotion category and intensity information over time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaona Chen ◽  
Daniel Messinger ◽  
Yaocong Duan ◽  
Robin A A Ince ◽  
Oliver G. B. Garrod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Emotion Classification ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Intensity Information ◽  
Dynamic Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion

Facial expressions support effective social communication by dynamically transmitting complex, multi-layered messages, such as emotion categories and their intensity. How facial expressions achieve this signalling task remains unknown. Here, we address this question by identifying the specific facial movements that convey two key components of emotion communication – emotion classification (such as ‘happy,’ ‘sad’) and intensification (such as ‘very strong’) – in the six classic emotions (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger and sad). Using a data-driven, reverse correlation approach and an information-theoretic analysis framework, we identified in 60 Western receivers three communicative functions of face movements: those used to classify the emotion (classifiers), to perceive emotional intensity (intensifiers), and those serving the dual role of classifier and intensifier. We then validated the communicative functions of these face movements in a broader set of 18 complex facial expressions of emotion (including excited, shame, anxious, hate). We find that the timing of emotion classifier and intensifier face movements are temporally distinct, in which intensifiers peaked earlier or later than classifiers. Together, these results reveal the complexities of facial expressions as a signalling system, in which individual face movements serve specific communicative functions with a clear temporal structure.

scholarly journals Implementation of the communicative function in Dave Barry’s comic idiodiscourse

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
First Time

In the article, the study of the communicative function on the material of comic idiodiscourse of the American writer-humorist Dave Barry is undertaken for the first time. It has been revealed that the role of the communicative function in comic idiodiscourse is determined by peculiarities of certain information transmission that the author has included in his comic texts, through which he influences his reader. The essence of this function lies in dialogical organization of idiodiscourse, in the author's interaction with the addressee. Thus, communicative intentions of the speakers are manifested in dialogue. It has been discovered that successful dialogical comic communication consists of three stages: establishment, maintenance and breaking contact. These three stages are marked by both verbal and non-verbal forms of manifestation. The results of the analysis show that at the stage of contact establishment D. Barry and his opponent use greetings and gestures. Presence of proxemic and kinesic components – distance between communicants, friendly gestures and facial expressions during the greeting, point at sociable and cheerful communication. To the most frequently used means of contact maintenance we refer well-known facts and clichés that help emphasize the particular fact or event, which allows the speakers to continue dialogue. Breaking contact is also enhanced by non-verbal display – a handshake and a wave of the hand at parting. It is determined that to produce a comic effect D. Barry most often violates norms – language, speech, ontological, logical-conceptual, valorative.

scholarly journals Communicative of language: تواصلية اللغة

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Khaliq Fadl Rahmat Allah
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Right ◽  
Educational Psychological

This study defines language both for the ancient and the modern, and it cryptically clarified the importance of language which distinguishes humans from animal, which makes him a great think who is able to administer life activities, organizing it, developing it, resembling it to organize living beings, because it (language) grows, evolves, getting old, and dies if the right conditions of it is continuity and the characteristics of the always are not found for it. The study indicates to the well a sorted function which the language serves in all aspects of life like intellectuals, social, cultural, educational, psychological, communicative functions, and others. The importance of the study springs from its concerns with the language itself, and its functions towards the society particularly its communicative function. This study basically aims at portraying to the role of communicative function of language in the community. It used to be simple when man is created and it evolved by the time, and it is importance is increased after when printing is discovered in the middle of the fifteenth century AD. The communicative function of language is considered one of the most important that connects individual and the group, and together with other groups. The study follows the descriptive approach, and it comes to a member of findings, some of which: usage strengths and conditions the language communicative language strengthen and consolidate the factors. The study recommends, that there is a relation between the communicative function of the language and the consolidation of the national unity.

Wiser Reasoning and Less Disgust Have the Potential to Better Achieve Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Chao S. Hu ◽  
Jiajia Ji ◽  
Jinhao Huang ◽  
Zhe Feng ◽  
Dong Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Suicide Method ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Advice Giving ◽  
Prevention Techniques

Abstract. Background: High school and university teachers need to advise students against attempting suicide, the second leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds. Aims: To investigate the role of reasoning and emotion in advising against suicide. Method: We conducted a study with 130 students at a university that specializes in teachers' education. Participants sat in front of a camera, videotaping their advising against suicide. Three raters scored their transcribed advice on "wise reasoning" (i.e., expert forms of reasoning: considering a variety of conditions, awareness of the limitation of one's knowledge, taking others' perspectives). Four registered psychologists experienced in suicide prevention techniques rated the transcripts on the potential for suicide prevention. Finally, using the software Facereader 7.1, we analyzed participants' micro-facial expressions during advice-giving. Results: Wiser reasoning and less disgust predicted higher potential for suicide prevention. Moreover, higher potential for suicide prevention was associated with more surprise. Limitations: The actual efficacy of suicide prevention was not assessed. Conclusion: Wise reasoning and counter-stereotypic ideas that trigger surprise probably contribute to the potential for suicide prevention. This advising paradigm may help train teachers in advising students against suicide, measuring wise reasoning, and monitoring a harmful emotional reaction, that is, disgust.

The Glow Still Shows: Effects of Facial Masking on Perceptions of Duchenne Versus Social Smiles

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110270
Author(s):  
Kennon M. Sheldon ◽  
Ryan Goffredi ◽  
Mike Corcoran
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Lower Half ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Duchenne Smiles ◽  
Neutral Expression

Facial expressions of emotion have important communicative functions. It is likely that mask-wearing during pandemics disrupts these functions, especially for expressions defined by activity in the lower half of the face. We tested this by asking participants to rate both Duchenne smiles (DSs; defined by the mouth and eyes) and non-Duchenne or “social” smiles (SSs; defined by the mouth alone), within masked and unmasked target faces. As hypothesized, masked SSs were rated much lower in “a pleasant social smile” and much higher in “a merely neutral expression,” compared with unmasked SSs. Essentially, masked SSs became nonsmiles. Masked DSs were still rated as very happy and pleasant, although significantly less so than unmasked DSs. Masked DSs and SSs were both rated as displaying more disgust than the unmasked versions.

scholarly journals Building an Emotionally Responsive Avatar with Dynamic Facial Expressions in Human—Computer Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Heting Wang ◽  
Vidya Gaddy ◽  
James Ross Beveridge ◽  
Francisco R. Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Uncanny Valley ◽  
Human Computer Interactions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Subjective Responses ◽  
Dynamic Facial Expressions ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Computer Interactions

The role of affect has been long studied in human–computer interactions. Unlike previous studies that focused on seven basic emotions, an avatar named Diana was introduced who expresses a higher level of emotional intelligence. To adapt to the users various affects during interaction, Diana simulates emotions with dynamic facial expressions. When two people collaborated to build blocks, their affects were recognized and labeled using the Affdex SDK and a descriptive analysis was provided. When participants turned to collaborate with Diana, their subjective responses were collected and the length of completion was recorded. Three modes of Diana were involved: a flat-faced Diana, a Diana that used mimicry facial expressions, and a Diana that used emotionally responsive facial expressions. Twenty-one responses were collected through a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and the NASA TLX. Results from questionnaires were not statistically different. However, the emotionally responsive Diana obtained more positive responses, and people spent the longest time with the mimicry Diana. In post-study comments, most participants perceived facial expressions on Diana’s face as natural, four mentioned uncomfortable feelings caused by the Uncanny Valley effect.

scholarly journals The role of character traits in economic games

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willibald Ruch ◽  
Richard Bruntsch ◽  
Lisa Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Character Traits ◽  
Economic Games

Oralizations in e-mail consultations: A study of general practitioners’ use of non-verbal cues in written doctor–patient communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-211
Author(s):  
Maja Nordtug ◽  
Jane Ege Møller ◽  
Signe Schlichting Matthiesen ◽  
Matilde Nisbeth Brøgger
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Patient Communication ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Spelling Errors ◽  
Doctor Patient Communication ◽  
E Mail

It is well-known that non-verbal cues are essential in doctor–patient communication. As doctor–patient communication is turning increasingly digital and written, it becomes relevant to explore the role of non-verbal cues in such communication genres. One more recent genre is the doctor–patient e-mail consultation. Research has found that while patients like e-mail consultations, they also miss facial expressions, eye contact, etc. In this study, we explored the different ways in which Danish GPs use non-verbal cues in e-mail consultations. We analysed 633 e-mail consultations written by 22 GPs. We applied the concept of oralization, which includes the use of emoticons and non-standard use of grammar and spatial arrangement. We found that the dominant types of oralizations were non-corrected spelling errors and lack of attention to capitalization. Overall, GPs used a limited number of other non-verbal cues. We discuss how these findings relate to norms of formality and professional context.

scholarly journals Sweet Emotion: The Role of Odor-induced Context in the Search Advantage for Happy Facial Expressions

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljubica Damjanovic ◽  
Heather Wilkinson ◽  
Julie Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions

scholarly journals Fern von Aleppo: Narrative Themenentfaltung im interkulturellen Kontext

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-129
Author(s):  
Eman Mohamed Abdelfattah Said
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Narrative Development ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
German Reader

Abstract In “Fern von Aleppo”, the Syrian author Faisal Hamdo, who left his home in 2014 and sought refuge in Germany, tells of his very personal integration experiences. The book represents a kind of intercultural communication. In his book, Faisal Hamdo, who sees himself as a “mediator between the worlds”, tries to give the German reader answers to many questions regarding Syrian culture. From a text linguistic point of view, this book identifies the narrative development that seems to be tailored to the intercultural context. Accordingly, the present article raises the following questions: Does the structure of classic narration differ from the structure of narration in an intercultural context? Which intercultural information units are presented in the text? How are they embedded in the narrative text? Which constituents of the narrative structure are suitable for realizing intercultural communication? Which communicative functions do the constituents of the narrative structure fulfill in an intercultural context? The contribution sets itself the goal of analyzing the narrative structure to investigate how intercultural communication comes about through narration, how the intercultural information units are integrated into the constituents of the classic narrative structure so that they fulfill their communicative function, and to developa suitable analysis model.

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