Left-right differences in abortion policy support in America: Clarifying the role of sex and sexism in a nationally representative 2016 sample

Many challenges faced by humans require large-scale cooperation for communal benefits. We examined what motivates such cooperation in the context of social distancing and mask wearing to reduce the transmission intensity of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). We hypothesized that collectivism, a cultural variable characterizing the extent that individuals see themselves in relation to others, contributes to people’s willingness to engage in these behaviors. Consistent with preregistered predictions, across three studies (n=2864), including a U.S. nationally representative sample, people’s collectivist orientation is positively associated with intentions, positive beliefs, norm perceptions, and policy support for the preventive behaviors. In separate analyses at the country level (n=69 countries), more collectivist countries demonstrated lower growth rate in both COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths. Together, these studies demonstrate the positive role of collectivism at the individual- and country-level in reducing COVID-19 transmission, and highlight the need to consider culture in public health policies and communications.

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The Role of Late-Night Infotainment Comedy in Communicating Climate Change Consensus

10.31234/osf.io/ufg9r ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Edward John Roy Clarke ◽

Anna Klas ◽

Joshua Stevenson ◽

Emily Jane Kothe

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Policy Support ◽

Mitigation Policy ◽

Behavioural Intentions ◽

Late Night ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation ◽

Climate Action ◽

Adaptation Policies ◽

Diverse Audience

Climate change is a politically-polarised issue, with conservatives less likely than liberals to perceive it as human-caused and consequential. Furthermore, they are less likely to support mitigation and adaptation policies needed to reduce its impacts. This study aimed to examine whether John Oliver’s “A Mathematically Representative Climate Change Debate” clip on his program Last Week Tonight polarised or depolarised a politically-diverse audience on climate policy support and behavioural intentions. One hundred and fifty-nine participants, recruited via Amazon MTurk (94 female, 64 male, one gender unspecified, Mage = 51.07, SDage = 16.35), were presented with either John Oliver’s climate change consensus clip, or a humorous video unrelated to climate change. Although the climate change consensus clip did not reduce polarisation (or increase it) relative to a control on mitigation policy support, it resulted in hyperpolarisation on support for adaptation policies and increased climate action intentions among liberals but not conservatives.

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Changing the Composition of Beginning Teachers: The Role of State Alternative Certification Policies

Educational Policy ◽

10.1177/08959048211015612 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089590482110156

Author(s):

Christopher Redding

Keyword(s):

Beginning Teachers ◽

Alternative Certification ◽

New Teachers ◽

State Level ◽

Schools And Staffing Survey ◽

Selective Colleges ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Alternate Routes ◽

The Relationship

Drawing on nationally representative data from six cohorts of beginning teachers from the Schools and Staffing Survey and the National Teacher and Principal Survey, this study applies a difference-in-differences research design to examine the relationship between changes to state-level alternative certification policies and the characteristics of new teachers. The introduction of alternate routes into teaching is associated with an increase in the fraction of new teachers of color in a state and the new teachers who graduated from selective colleges. No evidence was found of a relationship with the relative share of male teachers or teachers of in-demand subjects.

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The Role of Risk Preferences in Responses to Messaging About COVID-19 Vaccine Take-Up

Social Psychological and Personality Science ◽

10.1177/1948550621999622 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194855062199962

Author(s):

Jennifer S. Trueblood ◽

Abigail B. Sussman ◽

Daniel O’Leary

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Risk Preferences ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Disease Spread ◽

Short Term ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Flu Vaccine ◽

Nationally Representative

Development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine is widely considered as one of the best paths to ending the current health crisis. While the ability to distribute a vaccine in the short-term remains uncertain, the availability of a vaccine alone will not be sufficient to stop disease spread. Instead, policy makers will need to overcome the additional hurdle of rapid widespread adoption. In a large-scale nationally representative survey ( N = 34,200), the current work identifies monetary risk preferences as a correlate of take-up of an anticipated COVID-19 vaccine. A complementary experiment ( N = 1,003) leverages this insight to create effective messaging encouraging vaccine take-up. Individual differences in risk preferences moderate responses to messaging that provides benchmarks for vaccine efficacy (by comparing it to the flu vaccine), while messaging that describes pro-social benefits of vaccination (specifically herd immunity) speeds vaccine take-up irrespective of risk preferences. Findings suggest that policy makers should consider risk preferences when targeting vaccine-related communications.

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A science confidence gap: Education, trust in scientific methods, and trust in scientific institutions in the United States, 2014

Public Understanding of Science ◽

10.1177/0963662515617367 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 704-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Peter Achterberg ◽

Willem de Koster ◽

Jeroen van der Waal

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Modernization Theory ◽

Reflexive Modernization ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

Educational Differences ◽

Scientific Institutions ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Great Trust

Following up on suggestions that attitudes toward science are multi-dimensional, we analyze nationally representative survey data collected in the United States in 2014 ( N = 2006), and demonstrate the existence of a science confidence gap: some people place great trust in scientific methods and principles, but simultaneously distrust scientific institutions. This science confidence gap is strongly associated with level of education: it is larger among the less educated than among the more educated. We investigate explanations for these educational differences. Whereas hypotheses deduced from reflexive-modernization theory do not pass the test, those derived from theorizing on the role of anomie are corroborated. The less educated are more anomic (they have more modernity-induced cultural discontents), which not only underlies their distrust in scientific institutions, but also fuels their trust in scientific methods and principles. This explains why this science confidence gap is most pronounced among the less educated.

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The role of parenting in the prediction of criminal involvement: Findings from a nationally representative sample of youth and a sample of adopted youth.

Developmental Psychology ◽

10.1037/a0038672 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 301-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kevin M. Beaver ◽

Joseph A. Schwartz ◽

Eric J. Connolly ◽

Mohammed Said Al-Ghamdi ◽

Ahmed Nezar Kobeisy

Keyword(s):

Representative Sample ◽

Criminal Involvement ◽

Nationally Representative

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How to survive in the age of artificial intelligence? Exploring the intelligent transformations of SMEs in central China

International Journal of Emerging Markets ◽

10.1108/ijoem-06-2021-0985 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Jinqiang Wang ◽

Yaobin Lu ◽

Si Fan ◽

Peng Hu ◽

Bin Wang

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Small And Medium Enterprises ◽

Policy Support ◽

Central China ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Text Data ◽

Content Type ◽

External Pressures ◽

Medium Enterprises

PurposeThe purpose of the research is to explore how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in central China achieve intelligent transformation through the use of artificial intelligence (AI). Because of unequal resource allocation, constraints on the intelligent transformation of SMEs in central China are different from those in economically and technologically well-developed coastal provinces. Hence, the authors focus on SMEs in central China to identify drivers of and barriers to intelligent transformation.Design/methodology/approachThe interview data were collected from 66 SMEs across 20 industries in central China. To verify the validity of the data collection method, the authors used two methods to control for retrospective bias: multi-level informants and enterprises' AI project application materials (Wei and Clegg, 2020). The final data were validated without conflicts. Next, the authors cautiously followed a two-step approach recommended by Venkatesh et al. (2010) and used NVivo 11.0 to analyze the collected text data.FindingsSMEs in central China are enthusiastic about intelligent transformation while facing both internal and external pressures. SMEs need to pay attention to both internal (enterprise development needs, implementation cost, human resources and top management involvement) and external factors (external market pressure, convenience of AI technology and policy support) and their different impacts on intelligent transformation. However, constrained by limited resources, SMEs in central China have been forced to take a step-by-step intelligent transformation strategy based on their actual needs with the technological flexibility method in the short term.Originality/valueConsidering the large number of SMEs and their importance in promoting China's economic development and job creation (SME Bureau of MIIT, 2020), more research on SMEs with limited resources is needed. In the study, the authors confirmed that enterprises should handle “social responsibility” carefully because over-emphasizing it will hinder intelligent transformation. However, firms should pay attention to the role of executives in promoting intelligent transformation and make full use of policy support to access more resources.

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Climate change and air conditioning adoption: the role of remittances

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-7840 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Filippo Pavanello ◽

Teresa Randazzo

Keyword(s):

Important Implication ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

Climate Adaptation ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Household Data ◽

Cooling Devices ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Large Flow ◽

At Home

<p>Do remittances improve how households adapt to global warming? We explore this question exploiting a nationally-representative household data from Mexico - a country that experiences a large flow of remittances. Mexican households respond to excess heat by purchasing air conditioning and remittances can be used to adopt and use cooling devices that contribute to maintaining thermal comfort at home. Our results show that recipient households have a higher probability to adopt air conditioning at home with important implication on electricity consumption. The effect is even larger for those households living in high-temperature areas showing an important role of remittances in the climate adaptation process.</p>

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Longitudinal Pathways to Influenza Vaccination Vary With Socio-Structural Disadvantages

Annals of Behavioral Medicine ◽

10.1093/abm/kaab087 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bita Fayaz Farkhad ◽

Alexander Karan ◽

Dolores Albarracín

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccination ◽

Future Research ◽

Structural Factors ◽

Research Needs ◽

Knowledge And Attitudes ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Moderating Role ◽

Vaccination Knowledge ◽

Lower Educational Attainment

Abstract Background Although influenza vaccination can prevent influenza-related deaths, uptake remains low, particularly in disadvantaged populations. Purpose A theoretical model of psychological pathways to vaccination accounting for the direct and moderating role of socio-structural factors was tested. The study sought to understand the joint contributions of psychological (i.e., knowledge, attitudes, and intention) and socio-structural factors (i.e., income, education, and insurance) to influenza vaccination, prospectively. Methods A nationally representative empaneled sample of over 3,000 U.S. adults answered questions about vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and intentions, as well as actual vaccination across five timepoints from September 2018 to May 2019. Socio-structural factors were examined as moderators. Results Findings revealed strong positive associations between knowledge and attitudes, attitudes and intentions, as well as intentions and subsequent vaccination. Importantly, health insurance moderated the associations between attitudes and intentions and between intentions and vaccination, such that those without insurance had weaker associations between attitudes and intentions and between intentions and vaccination. In addition, education moderated the path from knowledge to attitude and from intentions to vaccination, such that people with lower educational attainment had weaker associations between knowledge and attitudes and between intentions and vaccination. Conclusions Socio-structural factors act as barriers to the influence of knowledge on attitudes, attitudes on intentions, and intentions on behavior. Future research needs to be mindful of the specific paths disrupted by social disadvantages and examine ways to intervene to decrease those effects.

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Process in the Community, Detain Offshore or ‘Turn Back the Boats’? Predicting Australian Asylum-seeker Policy Support from False Beliefs, Prejudice and Political Ideology

Journal of Refugee Studies ◽

10.1093/jrs/fey048 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 562-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lisa K Hartley ◽

Joel R Anderson ◽

Anne Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Political Ideology ◽

Asylum Seekers ◽

False Belief ◽

Policy Support ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Future Research ◽

False Beliefs ◽

Predictive Role ◽

Practical Implications

Abstract Over the past few decades, there has been a progressive implementation of policies designed to deter the arrival of people seeking protection. In Australia, this has included offshore processing and towing boats of asylum seekers away from Australian waters. In a community survey of 164 Australians, this study examined the predictive role of false beliefs about asylum seekers, prejudice and political ideology in support of three policies. Multiple hierarchical regression models indicated that, although political ideology and prejudice were significant predictors of policy support, false beliefs was the strongest predictor. For the policy of processing asylum seekers in the community, less endorsement of false beliefs was a significant predictor, while, for the policy of offshore processing, more endorsement of false beliefs was a significant predictor. For the boat turn-back policy, an increase in false-belief endorsement was the strongest predictor; although increases in prejudice and a prejudice–political ideology interaction (i.e. the predictive value of prejudice was stronger for participants who identified as politically conservative) also independently predicted support. Practical implications and future research avenues are discussed.

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