scholarly journals The Role of Risk Preferences in Responses to Messaging About COVID-19 Vaccine Take-Up

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062199962
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Trueblood ◽  
Abigail B. Sussman ◽  
Daniel O’Leary
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Flu Vaccine ◽  
Nationally Representative

Development of an effective COVID-19 vaccine is widely considered as one of the best paths to ending the current health crisis. While the ability to distribute a vaccine in the short-term remains uncertain, the availability of a vaccine alone will not be sufficient to stop disease spread. Instead, policy makers will need to overcome the additional hurdle of rapid widespread adoption. In a large-scale nationally representative survey ( N = 34,200), the current work identifies monetary risk preferences as a correlate of take-up of an anticipated COVID-19 vaccine. A complementary experiment ( N = 1,003) leverages this insight to create effective messaging encouraging vaccine take-up. Individual differences in risk preferences moderate responses to messaging that provides benchmarks for vaccine efficacy (by comparing it to the flu vaccine), while messaging that describes pro-social benefits of vaccination (specifically herd immunity) speeds vaccine take-up irrespective of risk preferences. Findings suggest that policy makers should consider risk preferences when targeting vaccine-related communications.

Housing Disinvestment and Crime in a Phoenix Suburb: Exploring the Differential Effects of Investors and Owner-Occupants

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa W. Chamberlain ◽  
Danielle Wallace ◽  
Deirdre Pfeiffer ◽  
Janne Gaub
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sociodemographic Data ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Home Sales ◽  
The Impact

External investment in neighborhoods can inhibit crime. However, during the housing crisis, many investors were foreclosed upon, triggering large-scale community disinvestment. Yet the impact of this type of disinvestment on crime is currently unknown. Combining data on crime incidents with foreclosure, home sales, and sociodemographic data, this research assesses whether the foreclosure of properties owned by investors has an effect on crime in neighborhoods in Chandler, Arizona, a suburb in the heavily affected Phoenix region. Neighborhoods with a greater proportion of foreclosures on investors (FOIs) have higher total and property crime rates in the short term. In Hispanic neighborhoods, a greater proportion of FOIs result in lower rates of crime. Results suggest that neighborhood stabilization efforts should consider the role of investors in driving short-term crime rates, and that police and code enforcement strategies might prioritize neighborhoods with a high proportion of investor foreclosures.

scholarly journals Boosting Career and Employability Outcomes Through Multiple Learning Abroad Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 102831532110527
Author(s):  
Davina Potts ◽  
Jeongeun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Career Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Australian Universities

While participation in learning abroad has increased rapidly over the last decade, short-term programs played an important role in boosting participation and widening access to learning abroad. The current study takes advantage of a new pattern of participation in learning abroad to examine self-reported career outcomes and employability development benefits based on program duration and the number of programs undertaken. Using a large-scale dataset of graduates of Australian universities, the study challenges conventional wisdom that a longer experience is better and explores the impact of multiple short-term program participation as a new intervention in graduate career outcomes. Although this study is based on the Australian higher education context, the results may be informative to educators and policy-makers from countries with comparable learning abroad programs in considering how short-term programs can be used more purposefully to foster positive careers and employability outcomes.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE DEFENSE INSTITUTIONS IN HANDLING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Marina Ika Sari ◽  
Yuli Ari Sulistyani ◽  
Andhini Citra Pertiwi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Military ◽  
Adaptation Phase

<p>The involvement of the military in the global health crisis has begun since the COVID-19 outbreak broke out in Indonesia, starting from the implementation of Large-Scale Social Distancing to the implementation of the new normal adaptation phase. However, the involvement has received mixed responses. Some parties consider it as natural, while others question the urgency of the military involvement. This study focuses on the role of two defense institutions, namely the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense in handling the COVID-19. It employs a qualitative research method and the theory of role, the concept of national defense, and the concept of Pandemic Management to analyze the problem. This study finds that the Indonesian National Armed Forces has a strategic role in several fields such as health, security and socio-economic as part of the efforts to contain COVID-19. The Ministry of Defense also plays a strategic role both internally and externally, by cooperating with other ministries, domestic private companies, state-owned enterprises in the defense industry sector, and with other countries in containing the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>role, defense, military, pandemic, COVID-19.</p>

scholarly journals Evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic over six weeks in four French-speaking countries in West Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamba Mina Millimouno ◽  
Mohamed Ali Ag Ahmed ◽  
Birama Apho Ly ◽  
Sana Boukary ◽  
Christophe Laba Faye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
International Health ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Project Data

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented international health crisis with different approaches to the response at country levels. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of this pandemic in Guinea, Mali, Senegal, and Burkina Faso over the first six weeks. We hypothesize that there exist significant differences in the incidence of COVID-19 between countries. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted as part of a collaborative project. Data collection focused on the epidemiological surveillance indicators available in the countries’ COVID-19 daily situation reports. Data were entered into a standardized Microsoft Excel spreadsheet which was exported to the STATA 15 software for analysis. Results COVID-19 had a different dynamic in the four countries over the first six weeks. Its incidence in Burkina Faso and Senegal was dropping, while it was increasing slowly in Mali; only in Guinea, it increased rapidly. The analysis of variance revealed that the differences observed in the weekly COVID-19 incidence in the four countries were statistically significant (p ˂ 0.01). Different screening approaches have been used by the four countries. Guinea (n = 4,539) performed more tests compared to Senegal (n = 2,961), Burkina Faso (n = 2,455) and Mali (n = 2,397). The positivity rates were significantly higher in Mali (25.5%) and Burkina Faso (23.7%) than in Guinea (19.0%) and Senegal (9.5%) (p ˂ 0.0001). Hospitalization rates by country ranged from 32.0–79.6%, with Guinea’s hospitalization rate (79.6%) being significantly higher as compared to that of the three other countries (p ˂ 0.0001). The cure rates were significantly higher in Burkina Faso (61.4%) and Senegal (61.1%) than in Mali (37.3%) and Guinea (19.7%) (p ˂ 0.0001). The case fatality rate was significantly higher in Burkina Faso (6.5%) than in Mali (5.2%) (p ˂ 0.001), Guinea (0.7%), and Senegal (0.7%) (p ˂ 0.0001). Conclusion This study highlighted insights from COVID-19 surveillance data, as a basis for improving response strategies in the four countries. Large-scale screening seems relevant to not only facilitate controlling the disease spread but also reducing case fatality rates by early case detection, prior to the occurrence of complications.

scholarly journals Towards wide-scale adoption of open science practices: The role of open science communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristijan Armeni ◽  
Loek Brinkman ◽  
Rickard Carlsson ◽  
Anita Eerland ◽  
Rianne Fijten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Learning Groups ◽  
Change Behavior ◽  
The Status ◽  
Wide Scale

Open Science (OS) increases the quality, efficiency, and impact of science. This has been widely recognised by scholars, funders, and policy makers. However, despite the increasing availability of infrastructure supporting OS and the rise in policies and incentives to change behavior, OS practices are not yet the norm. While pioneering researchers are developing and embracing OS practices, the majority sticks to the status quo. To transition from pioneering to common practice, we need to engage a critical proportion of the academic community. In this transition, Open Science Communities (OSCs) play a key role. OSCs are bottom-up learning groups of scholars that discuss OS practices, within and across disciplines. They make OS knowledge and know-how more visible and accessible, and facilitate communication among scholars and policy makers. By the same token, community members shape the transition to OS such that it is most beneficial for researchers, science, and society. Over the past two years, eleven OSCs were founded at several Dutch university cities, with approximately 700 members in total (at the time of writing). In other countries, similar OSCs are starting up. In this paper, we discuss the pivotal role OSCs play in the large-scale transition to OS and provide practical information on how to start a local OSC. We emphasize that, despite the grassroot character of OSCs, support from universities is critical for OSCs to be viable, effective, and sustainable.

The Better-Than-Average Effect in the Era of COVID-19: Cognitive Bias in the Age of Pandemic and its Relationship to Vaccination Hesitancy (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kulesza ◽  
Dariusz Dolinski ◽  
Paweł Muniak ◽  
Daisy Winner ◽  
Kamil Izydorczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Scale Behavior ◽  
Vaccination Hesitancy ◽  
Better Than

BACKGROUND The ongoing coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented global health crisis. Because large-scale behavior change has been critical to slowing the spread of the virus, understanding the mechanisms behind people’s decisions and behaviors to follow (or not) public health recommendations, is essential. OBJECTIVE In order to investigate one possible mechanism, we investigated the presence of the better-than-average effect. METHODS in 3066 individuals across Poland, Iran, and Kazakhstan. RESULTS Participants demonstrated clear the BTAE in all three countries. Furthermore, we found that the level of BTAE was a predictor of COVID-19 vaccination (declarative) claims. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to the growing literature on the role of cognitive biases on health behaviors, particularly during global health emergencies. We provide recommendations for public health communicators on how to address this bias to help ensure people adopt the behaviors that are critical to combatting the virus.

scholarly journals The Role Of Private And Public Sectors: An Analysis Of Methodological Steps In Understanding Growth Cycles

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Santosh Singh Bais ◽  
Jagannath B. Kukkudi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Current Fluctuations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of

Though with a very long standing history of a century the growth cycles have once again been in the limelight of thinking of modern economists of 1960 and that of 1995. However, the 21st century growth cycles have been in the focus for policy makers of both developed and developing countries alike. The globalization phenomena has added new  dimension to these business cycles and have been a matter of time to time concerns of the policy makers of the developing countries which by nature have a vivid experience in different sectors of the economy. Indeed in the result years it is the current fluctuations which have occupied a prime place in all the economy which are going to be tied or cemented through trade, what attempts are essential and harmonious so as to control these short term growth fluctuations and what political and economic compromises are needed requires a brief analysis this what had been attempted in the paper.

scholarly journals Exploring the short-term role of particulate matter in the COVID-19 outbreak in USA cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti ◽  
Gabriel Martins Palma Perez ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Souto-Oliveira ◽  
Elizabeth Cowdery ◽  
Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Short Term

AbstractThe role of particulate matter (PM) in the COVID-19 pandemic is currently being discussed by the scientific community. Long-term (years) exposure to PM is known to affect human health by increasing susceptibility to viral infections as well as to the development of respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms. In the short-term (days to months), PM has been suggested to assist airborne viral transmission. However, confounding factors such as urban mobility prevent causal conclusions. In this study, we explore short-term relationships between PM concentrations and the evolution of COVID-19 cases in a number of cities in the United States of America. We focus on the role of PM in facilitating viral transmission in early stages of the pandemic. We analyzed PM concentrations in two particle size ranges, < 2.5 µm, and between 10 and 2.5 µm (PM2.5 and PM10 respectively) as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Granger causality analysis was employed to identify instantaneous and lagged effects of pollution in peaks of COVID-19 new daily cases in each location. The effect of pollution in shaping the disease spread was evaluated by correlating the logistic growth rate of accumulated cases with pollutants concentrations for a range of time lags and accumulation windows. PM2.5 shows the most significant results in Granger causality tests in comparison with the other pollutants. We found a strong and significant association between PM2.5 concentrations and the growth rate of accumulated cases between the 1st and 18th days after the report of the infection, peaking at the 8th day. By comparing results of PM2.5 with PM10, CO and NO2 we rule out confounding effects associated with mobility. We conclude that PM2.5 is not a first order effect in the cities considered; however, it plays a significant role in facilitating the COVID-19 transmission. We estimate that the growth rate of COVID-19 cases would be risen by 12.5% if PM2.5 is increased from 25 to 35 µg m−3.

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