Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) water electrolysis system is one of the promising technologies to produce green hydrogen from renewable energy sources (wind and solar). However, performance and dynamic analysis of PEM water electrolysis systems are challenging due to the intermittent nature of such sources and involved multi-physical behaviour of the components and subsystems. This study proposes a generic dynamical model of the PEM electrolysis system represented in a modular fashion using Bond Graph (BG) as a unified modelling approach. Causal and functional properties of the BG facilitate the formal PEM electrolyser model to adapt and to fit the different configurations of the electrolyser ranging from laboratory scale to industrial scale. The system-specific key parameter values are identified optimally for a laboratory-scale electrolyser system running on a multi-source energy platform using experimental data. The mean absolute percentage error between simulation and experimental data is found to be less than 5%. The performance characteristic curves of the electrolyser are predicted at different operating temperatures using the identified key parameters. The predicted performance is in good agreement with the expected behaviour of the electrolyser found in the literature. The model also estimates the different energy losses and the real-time efficiency of the system under dynamic inputs. With these capabilities, the developed model provides an economical mean for design, control, and diagnosis development of such systems.
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCHES OF THE DEPOSITION OF ASPHALT-RESINOUS SUBSTANCES, PARAFFIN, AND MODELING METHODS. REVIEW PART II: WAX DEPOSITION
