Challenging energy balance - during sensitivity to food reward and modulatory factors implying a risk for overweight - during body weight management including dietary restraint and medium-high protein diets

AbstractThe protein leverage hypothesis proposes that the need to prioritise protein intake drives excess energy intake (EI) when the dietary ratio of protein to fat and carbohydrate is reduced. We hypothesised that cats may become prone to overconsuming energy content when moderate protein diets were offered, and considered the potential influence of fat and carbohydrate on intake. To determine the effect of dietary protein and macronutrient profile (MNP) on EI, weight and body composition, cats (1–4 years) were offered food in excess of energy requirements (ER). A total of six diets were formulated, containing moderate (approximately 7 % w/w; approximately 22 % metabolisable energy (ME)) or high (approximately 10 % w/w; approximately 46 % ME) protein and varying levels of carbohydrate and fat. For 4 weeks, 120 cats were offered 100 % of their individual ER of a diet at the MNP selected by adult cats (50:40:10 protein energy ratio:fat energy ratio:carbohydrate energy ratio). EI, body weight (BW), body composition, activity and palatability were measured. Subsequently, cats were offered one of the six diets at 200 % of their individual ER for 4 weeks when measurements were repeated. Cats offered excess high protein diets had higher EI (kJ/kg) throughout, but at 4 weeks BW was not significantly different to baseline. Cats offered excess moderate protein diets reduced EI and gradually lost weight (average loss of 0·358 (99 % CI 0·388, 0·328) kg), irrespective of fat:carbohydrate and initial palatability. The data do not support the protein leverage hypothesis. Furthermore, cats were able to adapt intake of a wet diet with high protein in an overfeeding environment within 28 d.

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Effects of high-protein diets on body weight, glycaemic control, blood lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513002055 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (5) ◽

pp. 781-789 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Jia-Yi Dong ◽

Zeng-Li Zhang ◽

Pei-Yu Wang ◽

Li-Qiang Qin

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

High Protein ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

High-protein diets are popular for weight management, but the health effects of such diets in diabetic persons are inconclusive. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to examine the effects of high-protein diets on body weight and metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. We searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for relevant randomised trials up to August 2012. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was used to combine the net changes in each outcome from baseline to the end of the intervention. Overall, nine trials including a total of 418 diabetic patients met our inclusion criteria. The study duration ranged from 4 to 24 weeks. The actual intake of dietary protein ranged from 25 to 32 % of total energy in the intervention groups and from 15 to 20 % in the control groups. Compared with the control diets, high-protein diets resulted in more weight loss (pooled mean difference: − 2·08, 95 % CI − 3·25, − 0·90 kg). High-protein diets significantly decreased glycated Hb A1C (HbA1C) levels by 0·52 (95 % CI − 0·90, − 0·14) %, but did not affect the fasting blood glucose levels. There were no differences in lipid profiles. The pooled net changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were − 3·13 (95 % CI − 6·58, 0·32) mmHg and − 1·86 (95 % CI − 4·26, 0·56) mmHg, respectively. However, two studies reported a large influence on weight loss and HbA1C levels, respectively. In summary, high-protein diets (within 6 months) may have some beneficial effects on weight loss, HbA1C levels and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, further investigations are still required to draw a conclusion.

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EXAMINATION OF HIGH PROTEIN DİETS EFFECTS ON BODY WEIGHT AND HEALTH

INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL OF NUTRITION RESEARCH ◽

10.17362/dbhad.2015412529 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 70-70

Author(s):

Nevin ŞANLIER ◽

Yazar Adı Yazar Soyadı ◽

Çiğdem Ceren BAŞALAN

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

High Protein ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

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Presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in a high-protein diet affect appetite suppression but not energy expenditure in normal-weight human subjects fed in energy balance

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114510002060 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 104 (9) ◽

pp. 1395-1405 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Margriet A. B. Veldhorst ◽

Klaas R. Westerterp ◽

Anneke J. A. H. van Vught ◽

Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

High Protein Diet ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Normal Weight ◽

High Protein ◽

Protein Diet ◽

Appetite Suppression ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

Two types of relatively high-protein diets, with a normal or low proportion of carbohydrates, have been shown effective for weight loss. The objective was to assess the significance of the presence or absence of carbohydrates and the proportion of fat in high-protein diets for affecting appetite suppression, energy expenditure, and fat oxidation in normal-weight subjects in energy balance. Subjects (aged 23 (sd3) years and BMI 22·0 (sd1·9) kg/m2) were stratified in two groups. Each was offered two diets in a randomised cross-over design: group 1 (n22) – normal protein (NP; 10, 60 and 30 % energy (En%) from protein, carbohydrate and fat), high protein (HP; 30, 40 and 30 En%); group 2 (n23) – normal protein (NP-g; 10, 60 and 30 En%), high protein, carbohydrate-free (HP-0C; 30, 0 and 70 En%) for 2 d; NP-g and HP-0C were preceded by glycogen-lowering exercise (day 1). Appetite was measured throughout day 2 using visual analogue scales (VAS). Energy expenditure (EE) and substrate oxidation (respiratory quotient; RQ) were measured in a respiration chamber (08.00 hours on day 2 until 07.30 hours on day 3). Fasting plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration was measured (day 3). NP-g and NP did not differ in hunger, EE, RQ and BHB. HP-0C and HPv.NP-g and NP, respectively, were lower in hunger (P < 0·05;P < 0·001) and RQ (P < 0·01;P < 0·001) and higher in EE (P < 0·05;P = 0·07) and BHB (P < 0·05;P < 0·001). Hunger and RQ were lower with HP-0C than HP (693 (sd208)v.905 (sd209) mm VAS × 24 h,P < 0·01; 0·76 (sd0·01)v. 0·81 (sd0·02),P < 0·01); BHB was higher (1349 (sd653)v.332 (sd102) μmol/l;P < 0·001). ΔHunger, ΔRQ, and ΔBHB were larger between HP-0C–NP-g than between HP–NP ( − 346 (sd84)v.− 107 (sd52) mm VAS × 24 h,P < 0·01; − 0·09 (sd0·00)v.− 0·05 (sd0·00),P < 0·001; 1115 (sd627)v.104 (sd42) μmol/l,P < 0·001). In conclusion, appetite suppression and fat oxidation were higher on a high-protein diet without than with carbohydrates exchanged for fat. Energy expenditure was not affected by the carbohydrate content of a high-protein diet.

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High-protein diets containing different milk protein fractions differently influence energy intake and adiposity in the rat

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114507831709 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 739-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Lisa Pichon ◽

Mylene Potier ◽

Daniel Tome ◽

Takashi Mikogami ◽

Benoit Laplaize ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

High Protein ◽

Lipid Ratio ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Carbohydrate To Lipid Ratio ◽

High Protein Diets ◽

Protein Diets

This study was designed to determine whether (1) protein type and (2) the dietary carbohydrate to lipid content affected daily energy intake, body weight and adiposity in rats receiving high-protein diets ad libitum over a 25 d period. Each of the ten groups (n 8) consumed ad libitum one of the diets described below. A normal protein diet (P14C56L30, containing whole milk protein) and nine high-protein diets were used. The composition of the high-protein diets varied in terms of two parameters: macronutrient composition and protein type. Three macronutrient compositions (P55C35L10, P55C15L30 and P55L45) combined with three protein types (Milk, Whey and βLac) allowed us to test nine diets. The results show that both protein type (βLac > Whey > Milk) and the carbohydrate to lipid ratio (P55L45>P55C35L10 or P55C15L30) modulated reductions in energy intake, body weight and adiposity in rats receiving high-protein diets ad libitum, when compared with rats fed a normal diet under the same conditions. By contrast, blood lipid profiles were mainly influenced by the carbohydrate to lipid ratio (P55C15L30>P55L45 or P55C35L10). Moreover, βLac protein was also the most efficient in tending to preserve lean body mass at the expense of fat mass, and improve blood metabolism hormones (insulin, leptin). Taken together, the present results show that whey-derived protein sources, and particularly β-lactoglobulin-enriched fraction, are of considerable value because of their ability to reduce both body weight gain and the adiposity index.

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