The administrative monopoly in China’s economic transition

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Guo ◽  
Angang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Transition Economies ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Administrative Monopoly ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Unique Type

Corruption in transition economies has become the very focus of many recent discussions on politics and economics. However, the existing research has not taken full account of the experience of the gradual transition countries, especially China, and the incentives for rent creation in the transition process. Based on existing studies in this field, this paper addresses a new category of corruption in transition economies. In the context of the rent seeking theory, the authors examine what they regard as a unique type of corruption in China—administrative monopoly (AM), and outline its essence, causes, forms, features, the scale of the rent created, and the dissipation of the rent.

scholarly journals Horvátország európai integrációja a makroökonómiai mutatók tükrében

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Balázs Kotosz
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
State Participation ◽  
Growth Differences

The collapse of communist economies in Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union, as well as their subsequent transition towards market economies, was arguably one of the most far-reaching economic events of the 20lh century. Pain accom panied the economic transition process; all countries experienced a major fall in output after the start of reforms. The growth performance in transition economies was widely different by countries. The paper is looking for the reasons of the growth differences. Even if the initial conditions did not give the same possibilities to governments, early reforms has opened the way to market processes, which seems to be more efficient than state owned institutions in transition economies. In this context, the lower is the state participation, the highest is growth. Empirical analyses justify that GDP growth is higher in countries where state reallocation is decreasing and where tight fiscal policy has been kept.)

scholarly journals Two sides of economic openness: non-tariff barriers to trade and capital controls in transition countries, 1993–2000

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bodenstein ◽  
T. Plümper ◽  
G. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Transition Economies ◽  
Capital Controls ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Two Sides

This article presents new measures of foreign economic openness in the transition countries that allow us to distinguish between non-tariff barriers to trade and capital controls. We argue that this distinction is important for the analysis of foreign economic relations in the postcommunist world. While most states lowered barriers to trade since 1993, they increased the number of capital controls, which had been low at the beginning of the transition process. The ELITE (Economic Liberalization in the Transition Economies) data set, which is based on the IMF statistics on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions and encompasses 24 transition countries, further demonstrates important exceptions to this trend. The comparison of the ELITE indicators with alternative measurements of economic openness indicates the need to move towards more refined analyses of the political economy of the transition process.

scholarly journals Transition and growth: What was taught and what happened

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (183) ◽  
pp. 7-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozidar Cerovic ◽  
Aleksandra Nojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up

The paper demonstrates why the transition process is taking more time than predicted and why many countries are still far away from the projected goal: a developed market economy. Analyzing the causes and re-examining the endogenous character of the transition progress, the authors conclude that the majority of reforms were implemented at a pace conditional on the initial, pre-transition conditions. The results obtained show a significant impact on the economic and institutional heritage of a country, which lasts much longer than was predicted on the eve of the reform process: initial conditions strongly and significantly affect the speed of transition throughout the entire observed period (1989-2007). They also affect the performance of a country: in the first years the transition progress may affect growth in a positive way, but later it becomes insignificant. This can explain some growth peculiarities previously remarked when transition countries were analyzed by means of long-run growth models. Using Barro and Levine-Renelt models the authors show that despite somewhat better results for the second decade of transition many peculiar patterns remain, which could temporarily block poorer transition economies in their attempts to catch up and cause unnecessary losses since transition policies were not properly adjusted to the initial conditions.

scholarly journals Growth and industrial policy during transition

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (201) ◽  
pp. 7-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozidar Cerovic ◽  
Aleksandra Nojkovic ◽  
Milica Uvalic
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Industrial Manufacturing ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

After twenty-five years of economic transition economic performance varies considerably in transition countries, while in most cases current outcomes show that the desired effects have not been achieved. In this paper we elaborate on why industrial policy has been a key missing element in the transition and has greatly contributed to the unexpectedly small and slow pace of economic recovery. After discussing the achieved level of economic development we undertake an empirical analysis in order to define the role of several important factors of growth, as seen at the beginning of transition (reform progress, macroeconomic stabilisation, initial conditions) and those that attracted particular attention during the global crisis (industrial/manufacturing output, exports). The analysis shows that the growth model in transition economies has altered both over time and in relation to the progress of transition reforms. The most important change concerns the share of industrial output in GDP, which is found to be one of the most important factors of growth after the initial phase of reform. These results suggest that transition economies should implement industrial policy measures as an integral part of their reform strategy instead of just speeding up reforms as the key (if not the only) element of government policy. Based on these results, we explore what would be a viable and proper industrial policy in transition countries, particularly what should be done in current conditions after the damaging effects of the recurrent global recession, and make some policy suggestions.

scholarly journals FDI and Its Impact on Trade in the East Asian Transition Economies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Jin Kang ◽  
Seon Ju Lee
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Complementary Effect ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Impact

As globalization and trade liberalization have increased integration of the world economy through financial and trade flows, the role of FDI and trade on economic growth is becoming more influential. This paper investigates the impact of FDI on trade of the East Asian economic transition countries, namely the China, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Vietnam, employing FDI flow and FDI stock data separately. The data from these four countries during the period 1990–2019 have been collected, and OLS and panel within fixed effect estimators are utilized. The main findings show that, first, when estimated using FDI flow as independent variable, there exists complementary effect between FDI and trade, and the coefficients are significant except for Cambodia. Second, when estimated using FDI stock as independent variable, the impact of FDI decreases and even substitutability effect is found in China at significant level. Third, in both cases, the coefficient of FDI is shown positive and significant in Vietnam. In addition, the paper finds the effects of human capital, GDP, and WTO accession on trade are positive, while the effects of exchange rate, financial development, and tariff rate vary among the East Asian economic transition countries.

Small business in Russia—factors that slowed its development: an analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Kihlgren
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
The Czech Republic

In Russia the growth of small business has been much slower compared with the leading transition countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary). In Poland, and to a lesser degree in the Czech Republic and Hungary, this sector has been the engine of the economic recovery. A natural question is why Russia differs. Apart from the fact that in contrast to these countries Russia does not have an entrepreneurial tradition and has experienced communist rule longer what is especially distinctive about Russia has been the strong influence of interest groups during the transition process which favoured the allocation of entrepreneurship to largely unproductive activities.

scholarly journals Electoral rules, forms of government, and political budget cycles in transition countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Klasnja
Keyword(s):  
Transition Process ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Political Budget Cycles ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Optimal Outcomes ◽  
Parliamentary Systems ◽  
Presidential Systems

Recent studies have suggested the existence of 'election-year economics' in fiscal policy in transition countries. This study asks whether such electoral cycles in aggregate measures (overall expenditures, revenues and balance) and spending composition (broad vs. targeted outlays) differ among countries with different political systems. This question is motivated by a sharp division between majoritarian presidential systems in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, and proportional-parliamentary systems in the Baltic's, Central and Southeastern Europe. Further, in the absence of context-sensitive theories, the paper asks whether observed outcomes in the transition process conform to the theoretical priors developed for conditions in stable democracies. Finally, the paper attempts to normatively establish whether either of the alternative combinations yields more optimal policy outcomes. The results suggest that the differences indeed exist, primarily on the revenue side and in the composition of expenditures. These results differ markedly from those for stable democracies, especially in the case of composition of spending. Normatively, presidential yields sub optimal outcomes in comparison to parliamentarians, likely due to inefficient system of constitutionally intended checks and balances. .

scholarly journals Assessing Moving Targets: the Impact of Transition Stages on Entrepreneurship Development

Ekonomika ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruta Aidis ◽  
Arnis Sauka
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Development Perspective ◽  
Transition Stages ◽  
Selection Of

An issue that has recently gained in importance in transitional literature is the need to develop a thriving small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector since it can contribute significantly to innovation, job creation and economic growth. However, the specific characteristics of SMEs make them especially vulnerable to changes in the legal, social and environmental context. In this paper we are interested in the barriers that SME development encounters during different stages in the transition process. There is no consensus regarding ‘transition stages’, yet various indicators measuring certain aspects of transition progress have been developed. For this paper, we apply a selection of indicators proposed in previous research to approximate three transitional stages that would make sense from an entrepreneurship development perspective. We utilise these indicators to categorise 23 transition countries into transitional stages. On the basis of that utilisation we develop a framework in which we can identify SME development trends based on our analysis of the 25 empirical studies on constraints facing SMEs in transition countries. Our preliminary results indicate that more fundamental barriers related to legal issues are more characteristic of the early stages of transition, while more specific constraints related to human resources and skill development characterise later transition stages.

scholarly journals Process and effects of financial liberalization in transition countries: A selective literature survey

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Berthomieu ◽  
Anastasia Ri
Keyword(s):  
Transition Economies ◽  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Transition Countries ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Financial Problems ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Financial Changes

This paper aims at reviewing selected literature on (1) structural financial changes observed in a large sample of transition economies in the Central and/or Oriental Europe during the last two decades, (2) efficiency of this financial liberalization in relative terms (in macroeconomic sense), and (3) impact of liberalization on financial problems of small and medium-size enterprises, a specific 'puzzle' concerning this very important economic sector as for its role in the employment and growth of these economies.

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