A 2-stage hierarchical interrupted time-series analysis to quantify the long-term effect of subclinical bacterial kidney disease on performance of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Critical illness insurance (CII) in China was introduced to protect high-cost groups from health expenditure shocks for the purpose of mutual aid. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of CII on the burden of high-cost groups in central rural China. Data were extracted from the basic medical insurance (BMI) hospitalization database of Xiantao City from January 2010 to December 2016. A total of 77,757 hospitalization records were included in our analysis. The out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses and reimbursement ratio (RR) were the two main outcome variables. Interrupted time series analysis with a segmented regression approach was adopted. Level and slope changes were reported to reflect short- and long-term effects, respectively. Results indicated that the number of high-cost inpatient visits, the average monthly hospitalization expenses, and OOP expenses per high-cost inpatient visit were increased after CII introduction. By contrast, the RR from BMI and non-reimbursable expenses ratio were decreased. The OOP expenses and RR covered by CII were higher than those uncovered. We estimated a significant level decrease in OOP expenses (p < 0.01) and rise in RR (p < 0.01), whereas the slope decreases of OOP expenses (p = 0.19) and rise of RR (p = 0.11) after the CII were non-significant. We concluded that the short-term effect of the CII policy is significant and contributes to decreasing OOP expenses and raising RR for high-cost groups, whereas the long-term effect is non-significant. These findings can be explained by increasing hospitalization expenses, many non-reimbursable expenses, low coverage for high-cost groups, and the unsustainability of the financing methods.

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Impact of the initial response to COVID‐19 on long‐term care for people with intellectual disability: an interrupted time series analysis of incident reports

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research ◽

10.1111/jir.12778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (11) ◽

pp. 817-824

Author(s):

C. Schuengel ◽

J. Tummers ◽

P. J. C. M. Embregts ◽

G. L. Leusink

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Intellectual Disability ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Long Term Care ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Initial Response ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Term Care ◽

Incident Reports

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Long-term Effect of Losartan on Kidney Disease in American Indians With Type 2 Diabetes: A Follow-up Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dc16-0795 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 2004-2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Stephanie K. Tanamas ◽

Pierre-Jean Saulnier ◽

Gudeta D. Fufaa ◽

Kevin M. Wheelock ◽

E. Jennifer Weil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

American Indians ◽

Term Effect ◽

Long Term Effect

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The Effectiveness of Antiterrorism Policies: A Vector-Autoregression-Intervention Analysis

American Political Science Review ◽

10.2307/2938817 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 829-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 320

Author(s):

Walter Enders ◽

Todd Sandler

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Vector Autoregression ◽

Term Effect ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Intervention Analysis ◽

Quarterly Data ◽

Long Run ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Metal Detectors

Using quarterly data from 1968 to 1988, we analyze the time series properties of the various attack modes used by transnational terrorists. Combining vector autoregression and intervention analysis, we find strong evidence of both substitutes and complements among the attack modes. We also evaluate the effectiveness of six policies designed to thwart terrorism. The existence of complements and substitutes means that policies designed to reduce one type of attack may affect other attack modes. For example, the installation of metal detectors in airports reduced skyjackings and diplomatic incidents but increased other kinds of hostage attacks (barricade missions, kidnappings) and assassinations. In the long run, embassy fortification decreased barricade missions but increased assassinations. The Reagan “get tough” policy, which resulted in the enactment of two laws in 1984 and a retaliatory raid on Libya in 1986, did not have any noticeable long-term effect on curbing terrorist attacks directed against U.S. interests.

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Impact of the Expert Consensus on Carbapenem Consumption Trends and Patterns in Public Healthcare Institutes: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis, 2017–2020

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.739960 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Ye ◽

Caijun Yang ◽

Wenjing Ji ◽

Jie Zheng ◽

Jingyi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Interrupted Time Series ◽

Expert Consensus ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Public Healthcare ◽

Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽

Series Analysis

Background: Carbapenems are considered the last line of defence against bacterial infections, but their high consumption and the resulting antibacterial resistance are an increasing global concern. In this context, the Chinese health authority issued an expert consensus on the clinical applications of carbapenems. However, the long- and short-term effects of the expert consensus on carbapenem use are not clear.Methods: This study was conducted in Shaanxi, a northwest province of China. We collected all available carbapenem procurement data between January 2017 and December 2020 from the Provincial Drug Centralized Bidding Procurement System. A quasi-experimental interrupted time series analysis was used to evaluate the longitudinal effectiveness of expert consensus by measuring the change in the Defined Daily Dosesper 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID), the percentage of carbapenem expenditures to total antimicrobial expenditure, the total carbapenem expenditure, and the defined daily cost (DDDc). We used Stata SE version 15.0 for data analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: After the distribution of the expert consensus, the level (p = 0.769) and trend (p = 0.184) of DID decreased, but the differences were not statistically significant. The percentage of carbapenem expenditures to total antimicrobial expenditure decreased abruptly (p < 0.001) after the intervention, but the long-term trend was still upward. There was no statistically significant relationship between the release of the expert consensus and carbapenem expenditure in the long term, but there was a decreasing trend (p = 0.032). However, the expert consensus had a positive impact on the economic burden of carbapenem usage in patients, as the level (p < 0.001), and trend (p = 0.003) of DDDc significantly decreased.Conclusion: The long-term effects of the distribution of the expert consensus on the use and expenditure of carbapenems in public health institutions in Shaanxi Province were not optimal. It is time to set up more administrative measures and scientific supervision to establish a specific index to limit the application of carbapenems.

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