scholarly journals An Investigation of Operator Performance in All-terrain Vehicle (ATV) Handling and Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 4621-4628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Schwark ◽  
Graeme Fowler ◽  
Robert Larson ◽  
Robert Rauschenberger
1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Malone ◽  
Christopher C. Heasly ◽  
Lewis E. Waldeisen ◽  
Timothy J. Hayes

As military systems become more advanced, more capable, and more sophisticated, they often become more complex. Of primary concern to the human factors specialist is the development of advanced control and display concepts, and application of reasonable tradeoff studies which will guide, if not drive the assessment of these concepts. Similarly, when confronted with conflicting standards and specifications, the human factors engineer must be able to effectively reconcile these discrepancies. Generally the issues pit system constraints (i.e., complexity and development and/or life cycle costs) against operator performance requirements or criteria. The principal objective of this paper is to identify and detail human factors issues requiring consideration when developing command and control concepts for advanced armored military vehicles within the Army's MANPRINT initiative. This paper draws on the authors' experience and expertise in the design and development of armored vehicles to point out the tradeoff considerations and processes necessary in designing complex military systems.


1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mitchell-Bishop

Twenty-four network control operators were observed executing monitor and control tasks involving large-scale remote networks. The networks are associated with six message switching systems. The operators tasks involved responding to software generated alarm messages, and invoke network changes via a command language, to regulate input/output traffic flow. Data were collected using activity analysis sampling, command language analysis, and error analysis in order to obtain statistics on the following factors: operator work load, alarm volume per hour, operator response time per alarm, system acknowledgement time, error type and frequency. The results indicated that the alarm volume required an operator response time of 90 seconds, which overloaded the operators. Recommendations to allocate to the software additional monitor and control tasks, and to modify the software interfaces, reducing the alarm volume, were implemented. The results of a second experiment, conducted to measure the effects of the software changes, identified a substantial improvement in operator performance, a reduction in operator workload, errors, and alarm volume. These findings led to the confirmation of several human factors principles applicable to interface design.


Author(s):  
Yuval Zak ◽  
Tal Oron-Gilad ◽  
Yisrael Parmet

Command and control (C2) maps in military unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are often cluttered beyond the needs of operators. Unfortunately, information overload increases the operators’ mental effort and mission performance suffers. To make C2 maps more useful and improve operator performance, this study proposes a triangular approach to highlighting mission-critical information. First, the underlying value of map information and its relevance to mission success are examined. Second, algorithms based on machine learning are developed to facilitate information integration and generate visualization items, via tagging in time and space, where the appropriate area of relevance for each item is defined. Third, the algorithms are improved to dynamically update the visualizations. The proposed approach and developed algorithms are being evaluated based on four experiments with professional operators in simulated UAV and C2 environments. Hopefully, it would be possible to generalize the algorithms developed in this research-in-progress to other spatial and temporal domains where workload must be reduced.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Eroshenko ◽  
S. M. Groshilin ◽  
S. E. Bygayan ◽  
L. G. Anistratenko ◽  
S. N. Linchenko ◽  
...  

In connection with the growing tension and responsibility of the activities of professional operators, it is necessary to improve the means and methods of their medical and psychophysiological support. Purpose — assessment of the effect of combined physiotherapeutic procedures — CPP (contrasting thermal effects, vibratory massage of the spine and feet, aromatherapy, music therapy) with and without transcranial electrostimulation (TES) on the psychophysiological status and working capacity of operators. Materials and methods. Surveyed 26 professional operators (male) aged 27– 38 years, divided into 2 equal in size groups: the main (MG) and control (CG). All the examined individuals were used the CPP base complex, implemented in a physiotherapy capsule. The complex consisted of 14 daily 45-minute CPP in standard mode. For the MG, the 35-minute TES procedures, also performed in standard mode, were additionally included in the base complex. Prior to the appointment of correctional complexes and after their completion, the subjects were tested for sensorimotor qualities and operator performance. Results. The use of correctional complexes in both groups resulted in positive changes in psychophysiological qualities (acceleration of sensorimotor reactions, reduction in hand tremor) and operator performance (increased attention stability, amount of random access memory, improvement of mental operations). However, in the MG, the identified changes were more pronounced: the level of tremor in this group decreased by 13–14% compared with the baseline, while in the CG — only by 6–7% (p=0,037); the time of the complex sensorimotor reaction decreased on average by 5,1%, in the CG — by 3,8% (p=0,049); the integral indicator of operator’s working capacity in the MG increased on average by 10.8%, in the CG — by 7,7% (p=0,039). Conclusion. The developed correctional complex with the inclusion of TES is a highly effective and safe non-pharmacological technology of emergency optimization of psychophysiological qualities and working capacity of operators.


Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.


Author(s):  
D. M. DePace

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.


Author(s):  
G. Mazzocchi ◽  
P. Rebuffat ◽  
C. Robba ◽  
P. Vassanelli ◽  
G. G. Nussdorfer

It is well known that the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa steroidogenic activity is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system. The ultrastructural changes in the rat zona glomerulosa cells induced by renovascular hypertension were described previously, but as far as we are aware no correlated biochemical and morphometric investigations were performed.Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into 2 experimental groups. One group was subjected to restriction of blood flow to the left kidney by the application of a silver clip about the left renal artery. The other group was sham-operated and served as a control. Renovascular hypertension developed in about 10 days: sistolic blood pressure averaged 165 ± 6. 4 mmHg, whereas it was about 110 ± 3. 8 mmHg in the control animals. The hypertensive and control rats were sacrificed 20 days after the operation. The blood was collected and plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunological methods. The aldosterone concentration was radioimmunologically assayed both in the plasma and in the homogenate of the left capsular adrenal gland.


Author(s):  
Henry I. Smith ◽  
D.C. Flanders

Scanning electron beam lithography has been used for a number of years to write submicrometer linewidth patterns in radiation sensitive films (resist films) on substrates. On semi-infinite substrates, electron backscattering severely limits the exposure latitude and control of cross-sectional profile for patterns having fundamental spatial frequencies below about 4000 Å(l),Recently, STEM'S have been used to write patterns with linewidths below 100 Å. To avoid the detrimental effects of electron backscattering however, the substrates had to be carbon foils about 100 Å thick (2,3). X-ray lithography using the very soft radiation in the range 10 - 50 Å avoids the problem of backscattering and thus permits one to replicate on semi-infinite substrates patterns with linewidths of the order of 1000 Å and less, and in addition provides means for controlling cross-sectional profiles. X-radiation in the range 4-10 Å on the other hand is appropriate for replicating patterns in the linewidth range above about 3000 Å, and thus is most appropriate for microelectronic applications (4 - 6).


Author(s):  
Amankwah K.S. ◽  
A.D. Weberg ◽  
R.C. Kaufmann

Previous research has revealed that passive (involuntary inhalation) tobacco smoking during gestation can have adverse effects upon the developing fetus. These prior investigations did not concentrate on changes in fetal morphology. This study was undertaken to delineate fetal neural abnormalities at the ultrastructural level in mice pups exposed in utero to passive maternal smoking.Pregnant study animals, housed in a special chamber, were subjected to cigarette smoke daily from conception until delivery. Blood tests for determination of carbon monoxide levels were run at 15-18 days gestation. Sciatic nerve tissue from experimental and control animals were obtained following spontaneous delivery and fixed in 2.5% gluteraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.3. The samples were post-fixed in osmium ferrocyanide (1:1 mixture of 1.5% aqueous OSO4 and 2.5% K4 Fe(CN)6). Following dehydration, the tissues were infiltrated with and embedded in Spurr. Sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.


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