The Long-term Interaction of Diet and Dopamine D2 Gene Expression on Brain Microglial Activation

[[This is a Stage 1 Registered Report manuscript. The project was submitted for review to eNeuro. Upon revision and acceptance, this version of the manuscript was pre-registered on the OSF (9/11/2019, https://osf.io/fqh8j) (but due to an oversight not posted as a preprint until July 2020). A Stage 2 manuscript is now posted as a pre-print (https://psyarxiv.com/h59jv) and is under review at eNeuro. A link to the final Stage 2 manuscript will be added when available.]]There is fundamental debate about the nature of forgetting: some have argued that it represents the decay of the memory trace, others that the memory trace persists but becomes inaccessible due to retrieval failure. These different accounts of forgetting make different predictions about savings memory, the rapid re-learning of seemingly forgotten information. If forgetting is due to decay then savings requires re-encoding and should thus involve the same mechanisms as initial learning. If forgetting is due to retrieval-failure then savings should be mechanistically distinct from encoding. In this registered report we conducted a pre-registered and rigorous test between these accounts of forgetting. Specifically, we used microarray to characterize the transcriptional correlates of a new memory (1 day from training), a forgotten memory (8 days from training), and a savings memory (8 days from training but with a reminder on day 7 to evoke a long-term savings memory) for sensitization in Aplysia californica (n = 8 samples/group). We find that the transcriptional correlates of savings are [highly similar / somewhat similar / unique] relative to new (1-day-old) memories. Specifically, savings memory and a new memory share [X] of [Y] regulated transcripts, show [strong / moderate / weak] similarity in sets of regulated transcripts, and show [r] correlation in regulated gene expression, which is [substantially / somewhat / not at all] stronger than at forgetting. Overall, our results suggest that forgetting represents [decay / retrieval-failure / mixed mechanisms].

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Complex pattern of Mycobacterium marinum gene expression during long-term granulomatous infection.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1005168.60971 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Joel Ernst

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Mycobacterium Marinum ◽

Complex Pattern ◽

Granulomatous Infection

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Gene expression: long-term gene silencing by RNAi.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1040285.519648 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Nektarios Tavernarakis

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Gene Silencing

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Long-term stability of marker gene expression in Prunus subhirtella: a model fruit tree species.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1058806.510735 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Niklaus Ammann

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Tree Species ◽

Marker Gene ◽

Fruit Tree ◽

Term Stability ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Marker Gene Expression

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Microglial deletion and inhibition alleviate behavior of post-traumatic stress disorder in mice

Journal of Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1186/s12974-020-02069-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shuoshuo Li ◽

Yajin Liao ◽

Yuan Dong ◽

Xiaoheng Li ◽

Jun Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Traumatic Stress ◽

Microglial Activation ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Critical Role ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Minocycline Treatment ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Shock Exposure

Abstract Background Alteration of immune status in the central nervous system (CNS) has been implicated in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature of overall changes in brain immunocyte landscape in PTSD condition remains unclear. Methods We constructed a mouse PTSD model by electric foot-shocks followed by contextual reminders and verified the PTSD-related symptoms by behavior test (including contextual freezing test, open-field test, and elevated plus maze test). We examined the immunocyte panorama in the brains of the naïve or PTSD mice by using single-cell mass cytometry. Microglia number and morphological changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala were analyzed by histopathological methods. The gene expression changes of those microglia were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Genetic/pharmacological depletion of microglia or minocycline treatment before foot-shocks exposure was performed to study the role of microglia in PTSD development and progress. Results We found microglia are the major brain immune cells that respond to PTSD. The number of microglia and ratio of microglia to immunocytes was significantly increased on the fifth day of foot-shock exposure. Furthermore, morphological analysis and gene expression profiling revealed temporal patterns of microglial activation in the hippocampus of the PTSD brains. Importantly, we found that genetic/pharmacological depletion of microglia or minocycline treatment before foot-shock exposure alleviated PTSD-associated anxiety and contextual fear. Conclusion Our results demonstrated a critical role for microglial activation in PTSD development and a potential therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of PTSD in the form of microglial inhibition.

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Malpigmentation of Common Sole (Solea solea) during Metamorphosis Is Associated with Differential Synaptic-Related Gene Expression

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082273 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2273

Author(s):

Menelaos Kavouras ◽

Emmanouil E. Malandrakis ◽

Ewout Blom ◽

Kyriaki Tsilika ◽

Theodoros Danis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Nervous System ◽

De Novo ◽

Close Association ◽

Ionic Channels ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

General Term ◽

The Difference ◽

Common Sole

In farmed flatfish, such as common sole, color disturbances are common. Dyschromia is a general term that includes the color defects on the blind and ocular sides of the fish. The purpose was to examine the difference in gene expression between normal pigmented and juveniles who present ambicoloration. The analysis was carried out with next-generation sequencing techniques and de novo assembly of the transcriptome. Transcripts that showed significant differences (FDR < 0.05) in the expression between the two groups, were related to those of zebrafish (Danio rerio), functionally identified, and classified into categories of the gene ontology. The results revealed that ambicolorated juveniles exhibit a divergent function, mainly of the central nervous system at the synaptic level, as well as the ionic channels. The close association of chromophore cells with the growth of nerve cells and the nervous system was recorded. The pathway, glutamate binding–activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors–long-term stimulation of postsynaptic potential–LTP (long term potentiation)–plasticity of synapses, appears to be affected. In addition, the development of synapses also seems to be affected by the interaction of the LGI (leucine-rich glioma inactivated) protein family with the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) ones.

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