Immense price variation of branded generic medicines in low-income countries: The need for an inclusive price control policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1326-1327
Author(s):  
Ramesh Sharma Poudel ◽  
Shakti Shrestha ◽  
Arjun Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Price Control ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Price Variation

scholarly journals Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Pork Industry Policy: A PMC Index Model Approach

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Youzhu Li ◽  
Rui He ◽  
Jinsi Liu ◽  
Chongguang Li ◽  
Jason Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Price Control ◽  
Price Regulation ◽  
Index Model

To ease the fluctuation of hog prices and maintain the hog market’s stability, the central government of China has issued a series of hog price control policies. This paper, supplemented by co-word analysis and LDA thematic modeling, constructed 9 first-level indicators and 36 s-level indicators and used a PMC index model to conduct quantitative research on the selected 74 policies and regulations of China’s pig price regulation policies from July 2007 to April 2020. The research concludes that the research tool system of China’s hog price control is formed. The overall design of the hog price control policy is relatively reasonable, but there are still the following problems: the subject of China’s pig price control policy is singular, so it is difficult to form a resultant force; the policy pays attention to the price regulation in the short term, but ignores the long-term industrial structure adjustment; it emphasizes market supervision, but insufficient support for slaughtering and processing; it focuses on production and management to improve the development quality and efficiency of the pig industry, but does not take social equity into account. Finally, some policy suggestions are put forward: multi-department division of labor and close cooperation; adjusting the industrial structure of hog and carrying out appropriate large-scale breeding; establishing the operation mode of slaughtering and processing in the producing area to reduce the circulation cost of the pig industry; ensuring the consumption of pork by low-income groups and giving consideration to social efficiency and equity.

Temporal Trends in Generic and Brand Prices of Antiretroviral Medicines Procured with Donor Funds in Developing Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Waning ◽  
Warren Kaplan ◽  
Matthew P Fox ◽  
Mariah Boyd-Boffa ◽  
Alexis C King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Middle Income

Pharmaceutical markets in low resource settings are imperfect. Suppliers provide information on ‘suggested’ medicine prices, but actual purchase prices vary substantially across purchasers and these prices paid are typically unavailable. Public procurement databases now, however, provide timely market intelligence on prices for antiretroviral (ARV) medicines purchased with donor funds, allowing for careful examination of market trends. We used data posted by the World Health Organization to create a longitudinal database of 15 111 ARV procurements from 2002–2008. We noted dramatic price reductions for ARVs over this 6-year time period. Most generic ARVs were cheaper than branded counterparts, with the exception of protease inhibitors (PIs) in which some generic versions were more expensive than branded counterparts. Less price variation was noted for ARVs in low-income countries than middle-income countries where price variations of threefold or greater were noted in five of 28 (18 per cent) generic and 15 of 25 (60 per cent) brand dosage forms. In order to meet global goals of universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, further price reductions are needed for abacavir, tenofovir and PIs. New approaches are needed to create incentives for generic manufacturers of these ARVs to enter the market and create price competition with these medicines.

scholarly journals The role of generic medicines and biosimilars in oncology in low-income countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. v29-v32 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Renner ◽  
F.A. Nkansah ◽  
A.N.O. Dodoo
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Generic Medicines

Physicians’ perceptions towards brand medicine and its effect on prescribing: A narrative review

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Ali Murshid ◽  
Zurina Mohaidin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Generic Medicines ◽  
Prescribing Behavior ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
General Physicians ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
Made In

Objective The purpose of this paper is to examine existing literature on physicians’ perceptions towards brand medicines, to examine the extent to which brands influence drug prescription and whether pharmaceutical industry influences the prescription of brands, as well as to examine the loyalty of physicians to a brand when prescribing drugs or willingness to switch to generic drugs. Methods Related articles published in different online databases from 2000 to 2017 were surveyed; 38 scientific articles indexed in Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed were selected for review. Articles focused on physicians’ perceptions towards brand drugs and its effect on prescribing were extracted. The experimental design and quantitative and qualitative methods used in the studies were analyzed. The deductions made in each study were examined in tandem with the objective of the review. Findings The studies showed that physicians from high-income countries are inclined to prescribe generic drugs more than brand, whereas those from low-income countries heavily prescribe the brand drugs. The studies also revealed that brand influences the prescribing behavior of physicians. Five studies reported that marketing endeavors encourage the physicians to prescribe brand medicines, while three studies stated that physicians have a high loyalty toward brand medicines irrespective of country’s income. Other studies provided evidence that physicians are disposed to switching from brand to generic medicines under certain conditions. Marked differences in the prescribing generic drugs use by physicians among different age were observed. General physicians and pediatrics were more likely to suggest switching from the brand to generic drugs. The majority of physicians were familiar with biosimilars drugs. Conclusion Generally, the studies showed that physicians tend to have mixed views regarding prescribing brand medicines. The perceptions of physicians towards the brand drugs were found to differ in relation to the nature of healthcare system and level of development.

Three Cases of Joubert Syndrome in a Consanguineous Syrian Family and a Interesting Case of Multinational Collaboration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Petrović ◽  
Vida Čulić ◽  
Zofia Swinderek-Alsayed
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
Joubert Syndrome ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Motor Apraxia

AbstractJoubert syndrome (JS) is a rare congenital, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive brain malformation, developmental delay, ocular motor apraxia, breathing abnormalities, and high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We are reporting three siblings with JS from consanguineous parents in Syria. Two of them had the same homozygous c.2172delA (p.Trp725Glyfs*) AHI1 mutation and the third was diagnosed prenatally with magnetic resonance imaging. This pathogenic variant is very rare and described in only a few cases in the literature. Multinational collaboration could be of benefit for the patients from undeveloped, low-income countries that have a low-quality health care system, especially for the diagnosis of rare diseases.

Reviewing the Development of Rural Finance in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Duong Pham Bao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Rural Finance ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Rural Organizations ◽  
Doi Moi

The objective of this article is to review the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam in recent years, especially, after Doi moi. There are two opposite schools of thought in the literature on rural credit policies in developing countries. One is the conventional supply-side (government-led) approach while the other is called “a new paradigm” that emphasizes the importance of the viability of financial providers and the well functioning of rural credit markets. Conventional theories of rural finance contend that rural finance in low-income countries is generally accompanied by many failures. Contrary to these theories, rural finance in Vietnam does not encounter the above-mentioned failures so far. Up to the present time, it is progressing well. Using a supply-side approach, methodologically, this study reviews the development of the rural financial system in Vietnam. The significance of this study is to challenge the extreme view of dichotomizing between the old and the new credit paradigms. Analysis in this study contends that a rural financial market that, (1) is initiated and spurred by government; (2) operates principally under market mechanisms; and (3) is strongly supported by rural organizations (semi-formal/informal institutions) can progress stably and well. Therefore, the extremely dichotomizing approach must be avoided.

Abdominal Textiloma Mimicking as Left Colic Tumour: A Postoperative Complication Still Common in Low-Income Countries

EMJ Radiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Emergency Laparotomy ◽  
Intermittent Fever ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
Surgical Teams ◽  
Safety Rules

Retained foreign bodies have become very rare in countries where the safety rules in the operating theatre are very rigorous and follow precise guidelines. There are low-income countries where hospital structures are precarious, in which the implementation of surgical safety rules has only been effective recently. Surgical teams in these countries are not yet well trained in the observance of the guidelines concerning swab count, meaning that textilomas are not uncommon. Abdominal textiloma may be asymptomatic, or present serious gastrointestinal complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or fistula formation because of misdiagnosis. It may mimic abscess formation in the early stage or soft tissue masses in the chronic stage. This case report presents a 27-year-old female who underwent an emergency laparotomy in a rural surgical centre for an ectopic pregnancy. Two months later, a swelling had appeared on the left side of her abdomen, gradually increasing in size, which was not very painful but caused digestive discomfort and asthenia. Intermittent fever was described and treated with antibiotics. The patient was referred to a better equipped centre to benefit from a CT scan. A textiloma was strongly suspected on the CT but a left colic mass was not excluded. Laparotomy confirmed the diagnosis of textiloma and the postoperative course was uneventful. Prevention rules must be strengthened in these countries where patients can hardly bear the costs of iterative surgeries for complications that are avoidable.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Audu Onyemocho ◽  
Agwa Moses ◽  
Aboh Kisani ◽  
Omole Namben Victoria ◽  
Anejo-Okopi Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Rabies, one of the oldest and fatal infectious diseases known to human race, is transmitted by infected dogs. The global target of zero dog-mediated rabies human deaths has been set for 2030; however, the realization of this goal poses challenges in most low-income countries where rabies is endemic due to weak surveillance. Dogs have been increasingly deployed for domestic uses over the years, especially for security purposes. This study assessed the assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was employed to study 400 dog owners in Makurdi metropolis through multistage sampling techniques. Sighting of valid dog vaccination card was used as criteria for current vaccination. Bivariate analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the respondent knowledge of rabies and dog vaccination with significant value set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 31 (Â ± 0.8) years, majority of them had tertiary and secondary education (40.0% and 39.0%, respectively), 26.0% were traders, and 50.0% were married. Overall, 73.0% of the respondents had good knowledge score, 61.0% had seen at least a rabid dog in their life time, and 74.0% have a history of dog vaccination, but evidence of up to date vaccination of dogs by owners was seen in only 18.0% of all the vaccination cards sighted. The relationship between the educational status of the respondents, their knowledge score, and their dog vaccination was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of rabies among dog owners in Makurdi was good, but the practice of dog vaccination was poor. Educational status was a good predictor of practice. Awareness campaign on dog vaccination should be strengthened and adequate measures should be put in place at the veterinary hospitals in Makurdi for vaccination of dogs.

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