Shading decreases the growth rate of young apple fruit by reducing their phloem import

2011 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brunella Morandi ◽  
Marco Zibordi ◽  
Pasquale Losciale ◽  
Luigi Manfrini ◽  
Emanuele Pierpaoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Young Apple

scholarly journals Studies on the Enzymic Browning of Apples II. Properties of Apple Polyphenoloxidase

1964 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
JRL Walker
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Thiol Compounds ◽  
Enzymic Browning ◽  
Young Apple

The properties of a particulate polyphenoloxidase preparation from young apple fruit have been investigated. Chlorogenic acid, D-catechin, and hydrocaffeic acid were found to be the substrates most rapidly oxidized by this preparation, but its action on a number of other phenolic compounds was also investigated. The inhibition of the oxidation of phenolic compounds by cysteine and other thiol compounds was studied in detail.

HOW CHANGES IN WEATHER CONDITIONS AFFECT GROWTH, VASCULAR AND TRANSPIRATION FLOWS IN YOUNG APPLE FRUIT

2012 ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Morandi ◽  
P. Losciale ◽  
L. Manfrini ◽  
M. Zibordi ◽  
E. Pierpaoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Young Apple

scholarly journals Observation of the Peach Fruit Moth,Carposina sasakii, Larvae in Young Apple Fruit by Dedicated Micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (145) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Koizumi ◽  
Fumio Ihara ◽  
Katsuhiko Yaginuma ◽  
Hiromi Kano ◽  
Tomoyuki Haishi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Carposina Sasakii ◽  
Young Apple

scholarly journals Differences in Frequency of Transposable Elements Presence in Botrytis cinerea Populations from Several Hosts in Greece

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1286-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stylianos Samuel ◽  
Thomas Veloukas ◽  
Antonios Papavasileiou ◽  
George S. Karaoglanidis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mycelial Growth Rate ◽  
Different Temperatures

This study was conducted primarily to investigate the presence and frequency distribution of the transposable elements Boty and Flipper in populations of the necrotroph plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Greece. In total, 334 isolates were collected from diseased grape, strawberry, tomato, cucumber, kiwifruit, and apple fruit during 2009. The presence of the two transposable elements was based on polymerase chain reaction detection. Results showed that all the sampled hosts occurred in sympatry, with four possible different genotypes (transposa type carrying both transposable elements, Boty type carrying only the Boty element, Flipper type carrying only the Flipper element, and vacuma type carrying neither transposable element). Marked differences in genotype frequencies among populations were observed. In tomato, cucumber, grape, and strawberry, transposa isolates carrying both elements were predominant in the populations whereas, in kiwifruit and apple fruit populations, the vacuma isolates were prevailing. Furthermore, in kiwi and apple fruit populations, high frequencies of Flipper-type isolates were observed. In an attempt to explain the observed predominance of vacuma isolates in kiwifruit populations, the mycelial growth rate of a set of vacuma isolates was compared with the mycelial growth rate of a set of transposa isolates at three different temperatures (0, 10, and 20°C). The same set of isolates was used to compare pathogenicity of isolates on wound-inoculated kiwifruit incubated at two different temperatures (0 and 20°C), in terms of disease incidence and disease severity. In addition, the selected isolates were used to compare their ability in causing latent infections on kiwifruit in the field. The results showed that vacuma and transposa isolates had similar mycelial growth rates at the limiting temperatures of 0 and 10°C, while vacuma isolates grew faster at the optimum temperature of 20°C. Similarly, there was no significant difference regarding pathogenicity on kiwifruit between transposa and vacuma isolates. However, artificial inoculations conducted on blossoms in the field showed that vacuma isolates caused significantly higher incidence of latent infections.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine as A Chemical Thinner for `McIntosh' Apples. II. Effects of Benzyladenine, Bourse Shoot Tip Removal, and Leaf Number on Fruit Retention

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruiting Branch

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of BA, removal of bourse shoot tips including only folded leaves and growing point, and different numbers of leaves per fruit on fruit retention and fruit development in `More-Spur McIntosh'/Malling 7 (M.7) apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. Removal of the bourse shoot tip increased fruit retention, whereas BA thinned fruit regardless of whether shoot tips were removed or not. There was no interaction between BA application and shoot tipping. BA thinned fruit only when one leaf per fruit was on a girdled small fruiting branch, but not when leaf number per fruit was two or greater. Fruit weight and soluble solids concentration increased dramatically with increasing leaf number per fruit. BA reduced fruit growth rate when <16 leaves per fruit were present on the girdled branches between 3 and 7 days after treatment, but it did not affect fruit growth rate when 32 leaves per fruit were on the girdled branches. Increasing leaf number also increased viable seed number per fruit while decreasing the number of aborted seeds, but it had no effect on the number of total seeds per fruit. BA reduced the number of viable seeds per fruit only when the number of leaves per fruit was less than four. Results suggest that BA thins apple fruit mainly by reducing carbohydrates available to developing fruitlets. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].

scholarly journals REGULATION OF APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATE BY TURGOR PRESSURE?

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 625e-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Maintenance of positive cell turgor is an essential factor in cell, and fruit, expansion. Since apple fruit partition carbohydrates between the starch and soluble pools to maintain turgor, variation among cultivars in this osmoregulatory aspect may play an important role in defining cultivar-specific fruit growth rates. Cultivar-specific apple fruit growth rates were determined over a 6 week period following June drop during 2 seasons. Fruit water relations parameters and carbohydrate levels were also measured. Although cultivar differences were evident, generally, fruit absolute growth rate increased, relative growth rate (RGR) declined, water potential and osmotic potential declined, and turgor potential increased as the season progressed. Soluble carbohydrate levels increased over 6 weeks, while starch levels fluctuated. Soluble carbohydrates contributed 50 to 90% of the osmotic potential. RGR was not correlated to either turgor potential or the relative allocation of carbohydrates between the soluble and starch pools. Thus, although positive turgor was maintained, factors other than turgor per se determine fruit growth rate.

Reappraisal of seasonal apple fruit growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Schechter ◽  
J. T. A. Proctor ◽  
D. C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Matter Concentration

Three apple cultivars (McIntosh, Delicious and Empire) were used in 1989 to study seasonal fruit growth. Fruit fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), dry matter concentration (DMC) and relative growth rate (RGR) were regressed against days after full bloom (DAFB) while partitioning the fruit growth curve into either two or three linear phases. Linear phases in fruit DW and FW development were evident throughout most of the growing season. However, cultivars differed in seasonal FW and DW accumulation totals and daily rates. Fruit RGR gradually declined until 75–80 DAFB, when it reached a low and constant rate until harvest. The DMC of fruitlets at about 30–35 DAFB was about half that at full bloom. After an additional 20–30 d during which DMC increased, fruits maintained a relatively stable DMC level to the end of the season. Key words: Malus domestica Borkh., fresh and dry weight, dry matter concentration, relative growth rate

scholarly journals 684 Thinning and Crop Load Effects on Apple Fruit Growth

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 516E-517
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
June Drop

Chemical thinners can be classified as either blossom thinners or postbloom thinners. Blossom thinners act by inhibit further pollination, pollen germination, or pollen tube growth. At petal fall it is not possible to distinguish between fruit that have been injured by blossom thinners, and those that will persist and continue to grow. The receptacles of blossom thinned fruit do not grow, whereas fruit that has not been treated and that also contain viable seeds, resumes growth within 4 to 6 days, depending upon temperature. Abscission of fruit treated with postbloom thinners does not usually occur until 1.5 to 3 weeks after application. Frequently, it is possible to identify fruit that will abscise and to make an initial assessment of thinning efficacy, within 4 to 6 days following application by measuring fruit growth rate. A reduction in fruit growth by as little as 15% to 20% less than rapidly growing fruit is usually sufficient to assume that the fruit will abscise sometime during the June drop period. The effects of specific chemical thinners on fruit growth and subsequent thinning will be discussed.

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