scholarly journals REGULATION OF APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATE BY TURGOR PRESSURE?

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 625e-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Maintenance of positive cell turgor is an essential factor in cell, and fruit, expansion. Since apple fruit partition carbohydrates between the starch and soluble pools to maintain turgor, variation among cultivars in this osmoregulatory aspect may play an important role in defining cultivar-specific fruit growth rates. Cultivar-specific apple fruit growth rates were determined over a 6 week period following June drop during 2 seasons. Fruit water relations parameters and carbohydrate levels were also measured. Although cultivar differences were evident, generally, fruit absolute growth rate increased, relative growth rate (RGR) declined, water potential and osmotic potential declined, and turgor potential increased as the season progressed. Soluble carbohydrate levels increased over 6 weeks, while starch levels fluctuated. Soluble carbohydrates contributed 50 to 90% of the osmotic potential. RGR was not correlated to either turgor potential or the relative allocation of carbohydrates between the soluble and starch pools. Thus, although positive turgor was maintained, factors other than turgor per se determine fruit growth rate.

scholarly journals CULTIVAR VARIATION IN APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATES, SORBITOL ACCUMULATION, AND TISSUE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1070b-1070
Author(s):  
Dougles D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Uptake Rates

Absolute and relative fruit growth rates (AGR and RGR) of 5 cultivars were calculated from the oven-dry weights of fruits harvested periodically throughout the growing season. Both AGR and RGR were higher for larger fruit of different cultivars with similar days to maturity, and for summer- versus fall-ripening cultivars. Seasonal variability in AGR and RGR was observed, Apple fruit cortex disks were incubated in 14C-sorbitol solutions in vitro to determine if uptake rates at the cellular level varied between cultivars. Rates of sorbitol accumulation, expressed es μg sorbitol per mg dry weight cortex tissue, declined as the season progressed. Within a cuitivar, uptake rates were not relatad to fruit size, nor were differences found between cortex tissue samples from competing fruit on a spur. Sorbitol uptake rates were significantly lower for the more slowly-growing cultivar. The osmotic potential of the expressed cortex sap, sampled on several dates, was consistently lower for the more rapidly-growing cultivar. Thus, inherent differences in fruit growth rates among cultivars may be due to variation in regulation of osmotic potential.

Influence of environmental conditions on insect reproduction and chemical composition of escamoles (Liometopum apiculatum M)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Melo-Ruíz ◽  
K. Sánchez-Herrera ◽  
H. Sandoval-Trujillo ◽  
R. Díaz-García ◽  
T. Quirino-Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritional Condition ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Insect Reproduction

Escamoles, ant eggs (Liometopum apiculatum M), are edible insects consumed in great numbers and appreciated for their sensory characteristics, but not for their nutritional value. In Mexico, they reproduce in arid and semi-arid zones of Mexico and several states (Puebla, Tlaxcala, Hidalgo). Samples were gathered to determine reproduction conditions and perform an insect analysis to generate data composition in macronutrients, on dry basis, according to AOAC methods. The obtained data were: proteins: 42.12-50.63%; lipids: 30.27-34.96%; minerals: 6.53-7.85%; fibres: 1.91-2.56%; and soluble carbohydrates: 6.80-18.27%. Entomological material was collected in spring 2014, 3 nests for each zone, all from different altitudes and agroclimatic regions. Samples were representative for the insect supply in the areas studied. Insects are high in proteins and lipids, compared with most of the commonly consumed food, due to their high content of fatty acids; they must be refrigerated for later consumption. Minerals are moderated. Fibre and soluble carbohydrate levels are low, but an excess of proteins can be converted into carbohydrates via gluconeogenesis. Escamoles reproduce once a year in the spring, but sometimes one nest can provide escamoles eggs twice in the same season, once at the beginning and again at the end, depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions of their environment. Escamoles are a good source of nutrients; however, some rural people sell them to obtain extra income rather than consume them to improve their nutritional condition and welfare.

scholarly journals (295) Relationship Between Macromolecule and Metal Ion Accumulation in Two Salt-stressed Cultivars of Sweetpotato under In Vitro Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1079A-1079
Author(s):  
Devi Prasad V. Potluri
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Two cultivars of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], Commensal and Salyboro, were subjected to salt stress using axillary bud cultures. The salt levels ranged from 0–150 mM. After 10 weeks of growth, plantlet shoot height, dry weight, number of nodes, levels of proline, soluble carbohydrate, and protein; and metal ions sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, were measured. In both cultivars, proline accumulation was higher in the shoot. There was a positive correlation between the increase in soluble carbohydrates and proteins in `Commnesal', but not in `Salyboro'. More sodium accumulated in the shoots of `Salyboro' compared to `Commensal'. The accumulation of sodium reduced the calcium and potassium, but not magnesium levels. Increase in sodium levels correlated with the increase in soluble carbohydrate levels is `Salyboro', but not in `Commensal'. A similar trend was evident with praline and sodium accumulation. Based on these and previous results, the cultivar `Salyboro' appears to be more susceptible to salt stress.

Genotypic differences in seed growth rates of Phaseolus vulgaris L. I. General characteristics, seed coat factors and comparative roles of seed coats and cotyledons

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Thomas ◽  
Louise Hetherington ◽  
John W. Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Cultivar Variation ◽  
Seed Coats

Developing seeds of four cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., raised under glasshouse conditions, exhib-ited a 4-fold range in rates of storage product accumulation by their cotyledons. These growth rate differences were established during seed expansion. Patterns of dry matter distribution were consistent with absolute growth rates of cotyledons being an inherent property of developing seeds and not limited by photoassimilate supply. Seed surface areas and cotyledon volumes exhibited a 3.2-fold cultivar difference and were the principal components contribut-ing to cultivar variation in cotyledon absolute growth rates. The remaining cultivar variation was attributable to a 1.3- fold difference in dry matter fluxes, expressed on a seed surface area basis. Seed coats reflected these properties in terms of fluxes of dry matter released for cotyledon storage and surface areas supporting these fluxes. Seed coat surface areas correlated with estimates of total plasma membrane areas of ground parenchyma cells that are respon-sible for photoassimilate release. Cultivar differences in these membrane areas largely arose from variation in cell size. Coat turgor pressures correlated positively with dry matter fluxes imported into cotyledons. In contrast, sucrose concentration in bulk saps extracted from seed coats was identical across three cultivars but was positively related to growth rate in the remaining cultivar. Overall, these data suggested that cultivar dry matter fluxes were determined by variation in transport conductances for symplasmic movement through the post-sieve element pathway and for release across the plasma membranes of ground parenchyma cells. Comparable sucrose concentrations were found in seed apoplasmic saps across cultivars, and cultivar differences in absolute growth rates of in vitro cultured coty-ledons were retained. Together, these observations support the conclusion that cotyledons intrinsically express geno-typic variation in rates of dry matter transport comparable to those set independently by seed coats.

WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN ORCHARDGRASS AND MIXED FORAGES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Bowden ◽  
D. K. Taylor ◽  
W. E. P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
The Third ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Variations in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of orchardgrass among breeding lines, stages of harvest, frequency of harvest and time of day were studied. Water-soluble carbohydrate levels differed among breeding lines harvested at the same stage of development. Water-soluble carbohydrate content increased as orchardgrass plants matured with the most rapid increase following anthesis. Harvesting orchardgrass at intervals suitable for hay produced forage with a higher WSC content in the first two cuts, but a lower content in the third, than forage harvested at pasture stage. Orchardgrass cut at 4 pm contained an average of 3 percentage units more WSC than that cut at 9 am. Levels of WSC in both orchardgrass and grass-legume pasture mixtures declined with successive cuts as the season progressed.

scholarly journals Genetic variation of stem characters in wheat and their relation to physiological characters and yield under drought

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja . ◽  
Sonia . ◽  
Renu Munjal ◽  
Suresh .
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Stem Solidness ◽  
Stressful Environments

Stem characters such as stem solidness and stem carbohydrates (water soluble carbohydrates and non-structural carbohydrates estimated as fructan) play an important role in stabilizing grain yield in stressful environments. Ten wheat genotypes were screened for carbohydrate content (Water soluble sugars and fructan) in peduncle along with other stem parameters namely, stem solidness, grain growth rate and stem osmotic potential under irrigated and drought conditions. Data was analyzed for correlation among these parameters along with biomass and yield. The results of present study indicated that stress-tolerant genotype RIL-S1-38 and WH 1235 accumulated higher fructan content in stem and contributed in grain growth rate, reduced osmotic potential and further imparted drought tolerance. Clear differences in stem solidness and fructan content exhibited lesser grain yield reduction under drought condition.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine as A Chemical Thinner for `McIntosh' Apples. II. Effects of Benzyladenine, Bourse Shoot Tip Removal, and Leaf Number on Fruit Retention

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruiting Branch

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of BA, removal of bourse shoot tips including only folded leaves and growing point, and different numbers of leaves per fruit on fruit retention and fruit development in `More-Spur McIntosh'/Malling 7 (M.7) apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. Removal of the bourse shoot tip increased fruit retention, whereas BA thinned fruit regardless of whether shoot tips were removed or not. There was no interaction between BA application and shoot tipping. BA thinned fruit only when one leaf per fruit was on a girdled small fruiting branch, but not when leaf number per fruit was two or greater. Fruit weight and soluble solids concentration increased dramatically with increasing leaf number per fruit. BA reduced fruit growth rate when <16 leaves per fruit were present on the girdled branches between 3 and 7 days after treatment, but it did not affect fruit growth rate when 32 leaves per fruit were on the girdled branches. Increasing leaf number also increased viable seed number per fruit while decreasing the number of aborted seeds, but it had no effect on the number of total seeds per fruit. BA reduced the number of viable seeds per fruit only when the number of leaves per fruit was less than four. Results suggest that BA thins apple fruit mainly by reducing carbohydrates available to developing fruitlets. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].

scholarly journals Cultivar-specific Apple Fruit Growth Rates in Vivo and Sink Activities in Vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Physiological Constraint

Absolute and relative fruit growth rates (AGR and RGR) of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) were calculated from the fruit dry weights of several cultivars harvested periodically following June drop during 1988-90. AGRs were constant or varied slightly, and RGRs generally declined as the season progressed. Generally, both AGR and RGR values were higher for relatively large fruit of several cultivars with similar days to maturity, e.g., `McIntosh' vs. `Jonathan' and for summervs. fall-ripening cultivars, e.g., `Stayman' vs. others. An exception was observed in 1990, when `Golden Delicious' exhibited a higher AGR but lower RGR than `Rome Beauty', yet ripened 1 month earlier. `Golden Delicious' AGR and RGR values were lower for both fruit of a pair on a spur than the values for a single fruit on a spur, and the dominant fruit of the pair exhibited higher growth rates than the inferior fruit. Rates of sorbitol accumulation (SAR) by cortex disks incubated in 14C-labeled sorbitol solutions in vitro declined as the season progressed. Within a cultivar, SARS were not related to fruit size, nor were differences found between cortex disks from competing fruit on a spur, although SARS were higher for both competing fruit on a spur as compared to that of a single fruit per spur. Due to a positive correlation between RGR and SAR values, the SAR of cortex cells may be regulated in such a manner as to be a physiological constraint on fruit sink strength and growth rate.

Reappraisal of seasonal apple fruit growth

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Schechter ◽  
J. T. A. Proctor ◽  
D. C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Matter Concentration

Three apple cultivars (McIntosh, Delicious and Empire) were used in 1989 to study seasonal fruit growth. Fruit fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), dry matter concentration (DMC) and relative growth rate (RGR) were regressed against days after full bloom (DAFB) while partitioning the fruit growth curve into either two or three linear phases. Linear phases in fruit DW and FW development were evident throughout most of the growing season. However, cultivars differed in seasonal FW and DW accumulation totals and daily rates. Fruit RGR gradually declined until 75–80 DAFB, when it reached a low and constant rate until harvest. The DMC of fruitlets at about 30–35 DAFB was about half that at full bloom. After an additional 20–30 d during which DMC increased, fruits maintained a relatively stable DMC level to the end of the season. Key words: Malus domestica Borkh., fresh and dry weight, dry matter concentration, relative growth rate

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