Implications for wildlife and humans of dietary exposure to lead from fragments of lead rifle bullets in deer shot in the UK

AbstractRobust biological markers of dietary exposure are essential in improving the understanding of the link between diet and health outcomes. Polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids, have been proposed to mitigate the risk of chronic diseases where oxidative stress and inflammation play a central role. Biomarkers can provide objective measurement of the levels of polyphenolic compounds. In this study, we provide methodology to identify potential candidate markers of polyphenol intake in human serum. Seventeen participants from the UK arm of the Global Allergy and Asthma Network of Excellence (GA2LEN) had their dietary intake estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and serum samples were assessed using mass spectrometry to identify potential candidate markers. 144 features were assigned identities, of these we identified four biologically relevant compounds (rhamnazin 3-rutinoside, 2-galloyl-1,4-galactarolactone methyl ester, 2″,32″-di-O-p-coumaroylafzelin and cyclocommunin), which were significantly increased in the serum of participants with high predicted level of fruit and vegetable intake. 2-galloyl-1,4-galactarolactone methyl ester was strongly correlated with total flavonoids (r = 0.62; P = 0.005), flavan-3-ols (r = 0.67; P = 0.002) as well as with other four subclasses. Rhamnazin 3-rutinoside showed strong correlation with pro-anthocyanidins (r = 0.68; P = 0.001), flavones (r = 0.62; P = 0.005). Our results suggest that serum profiling for these compounds might be an effective way of establishing the relative intake of flavonoids and could contribute to improve the accuracy of epidemiological methods to ascertain flavonoid intake.

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Risk assessment of dietary exposure to methylmercury in fish in the UK

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327107070565 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 185-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

B J Maycock ◽

D J Benford

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Human Data ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Assessment Approach ◽

Nutritional Data ◽

The Uk

Risk assessment of chemicals in food is generally based upon the results of toxicological studies in laboratory animals, allowing for uncertainties relating to interspecies differences, human variability, and gaps in the database. Use of quantitative human data is preferable if available, as in the example of methylmercury. Methylmercury is a neurotoxic environmental contaminant, for which fish is the main source of dietary exposure. Human data from poisoning incidents and epidemiological studies have been used by expert committees to derive a guideline intake level for methylmercury, based on the susceptibility of the most sensitive lifestage, the developing fetus. In the UK, an expert group of nutritionists and toxicologists was formed to review the benefits and risks associated with fish consumption. A formal risk–benefit analysis was not possible because the nutritional data were not sufficiently quantitative. The Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT), therefore, modified the risk assessment approach to derive different guideline intake levels for different subgroups of the population. The COT opinion was used to provide targeted advice on how much fish can be consumed without undue risk from the contaminants. Consumption by adults of one weekly portion (140 g) of shark, swordfish or marlin, would lead to an exceedance of the guideline intake for methylmercury of 40–90%, set to protect the developing fetus, without considering intake from the rest of the diet. Pregnant women and women who may become pregnant within 1 year were, therefore, advised to avoid consumption of these species. Intakes in other adults would be within a higher guideline intake, set to protect groups of the population other than the developing fetus. However, consumption by children of one weekly portion of these species could lead to an exceedance of this guideline intake by up to 60%, without considering intake from the rest of the diet. It was, therefore, advised that consumption of these species by children should be avoided.

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Dietary exposure estimates of 30 elements from the UK Total Diet Study

Food Additives & Contaminants ◽

10.1080/026520399283876 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 391-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 171

Author(s):

Gillian Ysart ◽

Patrick Miller ◽

Helen Crews ◽

Paul Robb ◽

Malcolm Baxter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Exposure ◽

Total Diet Study ◽

Total Diet ◽

Diet Study ◽

The Uk

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Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples

Food Additives & Contaminants ◽

10.1080/02652030110070030 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 1088-1093 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

J. Gilbert ◽

P. Brereton ◽

S. MacDonald

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

The Uk ◽

Analysis Of Urine

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Phyto-oestrogen levels in foods: the design and construction of the VENUS database

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2002792 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (S1) ◽

pp. S19-S23 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Mairead Kiely ◽

Marian Faughnan ◽

Kristiina Wähälä ◽

Henny Brants ◽

Angela Mulligan

Keyword(s):

Compositional Data ◽

Data Entry ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Biochanin A ◽

Plant Foods ◽

Control Procedures ◽

The Uk ◽

Existing Data

The objective of the Vegetal Estrogens in Nutrition and the Skeleton (VENUS) project was to evaluate existing data on dietary exposure to compounds with oestrogenic and anti-oestrogenic effects present in plant foods as constituents or contaminants, and to identify and disseminatein vitroandin vivomethodologies to analyse the effects of such compounds on bone. To permit the assessment of exposure to isoflavones in European populations (Italy, the UK, Ireland, The Netherlands), the VENUS database of phyto-oestrogen levels in foods was established. Data on the isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) content of 791 foods, including almost 300 foods commonly consumed in Europe, were collected. Levels of coumestrol, formononetin and biochanin A in a limited number of foods were also included. Lignan levels (secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol) in 158 foods were incorporated into the database, which also contains information on the references sourced for the compositional data, on the analytical methods used by each author and on the number of foods analysed in each reference. The VENUS database was constructed in Microsoft® Access 2000, which is widely available as part of Microsoft® Office Professional. This paper outlines the procedures used for the selection and evaluation of existing literature data for incorporation into the database. In addition, the design of the database is described, along with the data entry and quality control procedures used in its construction. Limitations of the data are discussed and guidelines for its use are provided.

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Variant CJD: Reflections a Quarter of a Century on

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10111413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1413

Author(s):

Diane L Ritchie ◽

Alexander H Peden ◽

Marcelo A Barria

Keyword(s):

Prion Disease ◽

Prion Diseases ◽

Large Body ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽

Biochemical Phenotype ◽

Jakob Disease ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

Twenty-five years has now passed since variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) was first described in the United Kingdom (UK). Early epidemiological, neuropathological and biochemical investigations suggested that vCJD represented a new zoonotic form of human prion disease resulting from dietary exposure to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent. This hypothesis has since been confirmed though a large body of experimental evidence, predominantly using animal models of the disease. Today, the clinical, pathological and biochemical phenotype of vCJD is well characterized and demonstrates a unique and remarkably consistent pattern between individual cases when compared to other human prion diseases. While the numbers of vCJD cases remain reassuringly low, with 178 primary vCJD cases reported in the UK and a further 54 reported worldwide, concerns remain over the possible appearance of new vCJD cases in other genetic cohorts and the numbers of asymptomatic individuals in the population harboring vCJD infectivity. This review will provide a historical perspective on vCJD, examining the origins of this acquired prion disease and its association with BSE. We will investigate the epidemiology of the disease along with the unique clinicopathological and biochemical phenotype associated with vCJD cases. Additionally, this review will examine the impact vCJD has had on public health in the UK and the ongoing concerns raised by this rare group of disorders.

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Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (PCNs): Congener Specific Analysis, Occurrence in Food, and Dietary Exposure in the UK

Environmental Science & Technology ◽

10.1021/es903502g ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 44 (9) ◽

pp. 3533-3538 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Alwyn Fernandes ◽

David Mortimer ◽

Martin Gem ◽

Frankie Smith ◽

Martin Rose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Exposure ◽

Polychlorinated Naphthalenes ◽

Specific Analysis ◽

The Uk

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Mortuary rites of the South Fore and kuru

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2008.0074 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 363 (1510) ◽

pp. 3721-3724 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Jerome T Whitfield ◽

Wandagi H Pako ◽

John Collinge ◽

Michael P Alpers

Keyword(s):

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽

Dietary Exposure ◽

Human Behaviour ◽

Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽

The South ◽

Oral Ingestion ◽

Means Of Transmission ◽

The Uk ◽

Alternative Routes

This paper is part of a wider study to explain the historical spread and changing epidemiological patterns of kuru by analysing factors that affect the transmission of kuru. Part of the study has been to look at the mortuary feasts that were the means of transmission of the kuru agent. This paper shows the complexity of Fore eschatology, and the variations and contradictions of human behaviour in relation to mortuary rites and the transmission of kuru. It also confirms that oral ingestion was the primary route of inoculation though some cases of parenteral inoculation may have occurred. The exclusion of alternative routes of transmission is of importance owing to the dietary exposure of the UK and other populations to bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions.

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