Production of solid biofuels from organic waste in developing countries: A review from sustainability and economic feasibility perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 148816
Author(s):  
Lina S. Angulo-Mosquera ◽  
Allan A. Alvarado-Alvarado ◽  
María J. Rivas-Arrieta ◽  
Carlos R. Cattaneo ◽  
Eldon R. Rene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Solid Biofuels

scholarly journals The Potentiality of Municipal Solid Waste to Produce Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
M. S. A. Amin ◽  
M. M. Alam ◽  
M. S. I. Mozumder
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Potato Waste

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are proposed platform molecules for the production of basic chemicals and polymers from organic waste streams. A simple bio-reactor was fabricated with locally available materials to conduct this study. A lab-scale anaerobic batch reactor was fed with potato waste and banana waste as substrate to find out the potential organic waste that has maximum VFAs production capacity. Between these two wastes, banana waste was found better for VFAs production. The product spectrum remained similar at the pH range 4.0-4.5 but higher pH reduced the VFAs production. The operation of anaerobic digestion with uncontrolled pH reduced the pH 4.0 to 4.5. Therefore, it is better to run the anaerobic digestion without controlling the pH while aiming to VFAs production. A small amount nutrient (ammonium nitrogen) significantly increases the VFAs production but higher amount nutrient has an inhibition effect. However commercial surfactant has a strong inhibition effect on VFAs producing organism and hence reduced the VFAs production. The efficient production of VFA at uncontrolled pH with a small amount of ammonium nitrogen increases the economic feasibility of organic waste-based VFAs production.

scholarly journals Effluent standards for developing countries: combining the technology- and water quality-based approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M.J. Ragas ◽  
P.A.G.M. Scheren ◽  
H.I. Konterman ◽  
R.S.E.W. Leuven ◽  
P. Vugteveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
The Usa

It is a challenge for developing countries to realize socio-economical development without impairing water resources in an unacceptable way. A possible means for controlling water pollution is through defining, applying and enforcing effluent standards for wastewater discharges. However, in many developing countries the definition of effluent standards is still poor. They are either too stringent because they are based on standards from developed countries, or too relaxed and therefore they do not guarantee the safe intended uses of water. In order to define an approach for setting effluent standards that suits the needs and means of developing counties, water quality management practices in the USA, the EU, the New Independent States (NIS) and the Philippines were analyzed and compared. Four criteria (protection of the environment, technical viability, economic feasibility and institutional capacity requirements) were used to assess the suitability of these practices for developing countries. It is concluded that a combined approach that is based on best available technology not entailing excessive costs and environmental quality standards is the best way to define effluent standards that restrict water pollution against affordable costs.

Economic feasibility of photovoltaic systems in the developing countries

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagdy R. Anis ◽  
Robert P. Mertens ◽  
R. Van Overstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems

scholarly journals Mitigation of climate change: which technologies for Vietnam?

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Thi Thu Ha Chu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
The World

Vietnam is one of the countries suffering from the most serious adverse effects due to climate change and sea level rise. The main cause of climate change is the increased activities generating greenhouse gases. Organic waste is the main source of carbon dioxide emission, which has the largest concentration among different kinds of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. The conversion of organic waste and biomass into energy contributes not only to supply cleaner energy but also to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Vietnam has a large potential of biomass and agricultural by-products. The technologies to turn biomass into different kinds of bio-energies were developed and applied all over the world. Biogas was called as "brown revolution" in the field of new energy. Biogas production technology now has been studied and applied widely in the world, particularly in developing countries with warm climate that is suitable for anaerobic fermentation of organic waste. The biogas digester can be built with any capacity, needs small investment and the input materials are widely available. The biogas energy is used for many purposes such as cooking, lighting, running engines, etc. It is a production technology quite consistent with the economy of developing countries and really brings to life more civilized and convenient to rural areas.

scholarly journals Potential of Sustainable Concept for Handling Organic Waste in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8167
Author(s):  
Nour El Houda Chaher ◽  
Safwat Hemidat ◽  
Qahtan Thabit ◽  
Mehrez Chakchouk ◽  
Abdallah Nassour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Aerobic Digestion ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Biological Treatments

Nowadays, Tunisia is seeking to implement cost-efficient and sustainable solutions in relation to the treatment of organic waste which, at up to 65%, makes up the largest proportion of total waste generated in the country. Therefore, an efficient tool for decision makers is needed to provide a clear approach about the potential of organic waste as well as the treatment concept, which can be adapted based on technical requirements and local conditions. Results revealed that there is a high variation in terms of the nature of the collected biowaste, which affects the selection of the adopted bioprocess for each geographical zone of the study area. Three main categories of biowaste are produced along the coastline of Tunisia: food waste (FW) (102.543 t/a); green waste (GW) (1.326.930 t/a); and cattle manure (CM) (1.548.350 t/a). Based on the results of similar projects and laboratory-scale research work, anaerobic and aerobic digestion were examined. Regarding aerobic digestion, the monitoring of several physicochemical parameters ascertained that the co-composting of FW and GW at different ratios (GW: FW = 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) allowed the production of a stable and mature compost. A highly qualified end-product was generated from each trial categorized as a finished compost of class V with reference to German Standards of compost. Regarding the anaerobic process, different feedstock mixtures (FW:CM = 0:1, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) were prepared to feed semi-continuous anaerobic reactors. However, a significant improvement in the process development was recorded for digesters including a higher fraction of FW, which produced 0.846 LN/kg VSin as the maximum biogas production. Therefore, biological treatments of food waste and different co-substrates seems to be a suitable technique for Tunisia in terms of waste management, environmental, and energy aspects. However, the evaluation of the efficiency of the proposed biological treatments was also verified by a draw-up of a technical and economic feasibility analysis. Although the cost–benefit estimations proved that the profits from both the compost and biogas plants would be very modest, the feasibility of such sustainable projects should not only be evaluated on an economic basis, but also by taking into account socio-environmental considerations including decreasing environmental threats, providing work opportunities, increasing incomes, stimulating public awareness as well as reducing the operating costs linked to landfilling.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Residents Dealing with Municipal Organic Waste in Developing Countries: Evidence from Rural Areas of Hoi An, Vietnam

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Loan Thi Thanh Le ◽  
Yoshifumi Takahashi ◽  
Mitsuyasu Yabe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Women Groups ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Collection Methods

<p>Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in developing countries is facing many challenges. Most MSW is disposed of in landfill areas that are uncontrolled and overloaded. Under budget constraints, the governments encourage residents in rural areas to treat municipal organic waste (MOW) by themselves. Evidence from Hoi An, Vietnam has shown the potential for residents practicing MOW treatment at the source which may divert large quantities of biodegradable waste away from landfills. Logistic regression analysis showed that various factors influence residents treating MOW by themselves, including the gender of the person in charge of waste management, household size, presence of garden, type of city collection methods, care of collectors, and participation in compost training. Several factors are largely insignificant, including age, household income, number of children less than 15 years old, schooling years, and potential for high collection fees in the near future. The results further suggested that local authorities should encourage residents to practice MOW treatment at the source by enhancing the role of local women’ groups, gardening clubs, composting training classes, and paying attention to communal collectors’ roles.</p>

scholarly journals Feasibility Analysis on the Adoption of Decentralized Anaerobic Co-Digestion for the Treatment of Municipal Organic Waste with Energy Recovery in Urban Districts of Metropolitan Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1820
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gadaleta ◽  
Sabino De Gisi ◽  
Michele Notarnicola
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Urban Districts ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Management Operation

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is considered an excellent solution for both waste management and energy generation, although the impacts of waste collection and transportation on the whole management system are not negligible. AD is often regarded as a centralized solution for an entire community, although recently, there has been some debate on the adoption of decentralized, smaller facilities. This study aims to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of an AD plant at the local scale for the treatment of organic waste generated from urban districts. Depending on the type of feedstock, two scenarios were evaluated and compared with the reference scenario, based on composting treatment: (1) mono-AD of OFMSW and (2) co-AD of OFMSW and sewage sludge (SS). Furthermore, different district extensions of the metropolitan area were considered with the goal of determining the optimal size. Results showed the advantage of the two scenarios over the reference one. Scenario 1 proved to be the most suitable solution, because the introduction of SS in Scenario 2 increased costs and payback time, rather than generating a higher waste amount and lower biogas yield. The preferred district extension was the medium-sized one. Capital cost strongly affected the economic analysis, but revenue from the city for the management operation of the organic waste could significantly decrease costs. Further studies about the differences in the type of feedstock or the introduction of other criteria of analysis (such as environmental) are considered necessary.

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