Depicting “the system”: How structural racism and disenfranchisement in the United States can cause dynamics in community violence among males in urban Black communities

2020 ◽  
pp. 113469
Author(s):  
Marcus Burrell ◽  
Ann Marie White ◽  
Leah Frerichs ◽  
Melanie Funchess ◽  
Catherine Cerulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Structural Racism

Amidst pandemic and racial upheaval: Where Asian Americans Fit

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Whitney Hua ◽  
Jane Junn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
Racial History ◽  
History Of

Abstract As racial tensions flare amidst a global pandemic and national social justice upheaval, the centrality of structural racism has renewed old questions and raised new ones about where Asian Americans fit in U.S. politics. This paper provides an overview of the unique racial history of Asians in the United States and analyzes the implications of dynamic racialization and status for Asian Americans. In particular, we examine the dynamism of Asian Americans' racial positionality relative to historical shifts in economic-based conceptions of their desirability as workers in American capitalism. Taking history, power, and institutions of white supremacy into account, we analyze where Asian Americans fit in contemporary U.S. politics, presenting a better understanding of the persistent structures underlying racial inequality and developing a foundation from which Asian Americans can work to enhance equality.

Uprooting Racism: The Role of Nurses in Cultivating Improved Maternal Outcomes for Black and African American Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn McMillian-Bohler ◽  
Angela Richard-Eaglin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Maternal Outcomes ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

After controlling for education, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors, Black and African American patients in the United States are three to four times more likely to die in childbirth than are White patients. The literature is replete with strategies to improve maternal outcomes for Black and African American patients. Existing strategies focus on addressing poverty and individual risk factors to reduce maternal mortality, yet maternal outcomes are not improving for these patients in the United States. Recent literature suggests that a nuanced approach that considers the effects of individual and structural racism could improve maternal outcomes, especially for Black and African American patients. As nurses comprise the largest component of the health-care system, their collective power and influence can provide a powerful tool for dismantling structural racism. Some important concepts to consider regarding the care of the Black and African American population are cultural intelligence (CQ), allostatic load, and humanitarian ethos. By developing CQ and consistently including the four CQ capabilities (drive/motivation, knowledge/cognition, strategy/metacognition, and behavior/action) in all aspects of practice, nurses can help to uproot racism and cultivate experience to improve maternal health outcomes for Black and African American patients.

Racism’s Waste and Resilient Entrepreneurs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Aversive Racism ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
Broad Scale

Many instances of racism in the United States occurred through open declarations of prejudice and overt acts of malevolence and violence. Many other impacts of racism occur in more structural and indirect ways. Such structural forms of racism have been conceptualized as manifestations of “aversive” racism. In a process of aversive racism, members of a dominant social group channel social and economic activities away from a group targeted by racial prejudices. This manipulation of economic and social opportunities, resources, and interactions is typically detrimental to members of the targeted group. It is very difficult to uncover evidence of aversive or structural racism and present a detailed, persuasive account of that data. Lacking detailed evidence, most statements about structural racism are made only as broad-scale observations of the suspected impacts. The difficulty lies in the surreptitious character of aversive racism. One does not find photos of overt acts or transparent minutes of conspiratorial meetings. Instead, a large collection of separate bits of data must be woven together and dots connected to test alternative interpretations against a body of varied, circumstantial evidence. Fennell took up this task in the New Philadelphia Archaeology Project. He was intrigued at the outset with the question of why a railroad bypassed New Philadelphia in 1869.

2. The rise of black abolitionism and global antislavery struggles

Abolitionism ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Richard S. Newman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
French Government ◽  
Slave Rebellion ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
The 19Th Century

As a new century loomed, black activists pushed abolition forward across the Atlantic world. The greatest example came in Saint-Domingue, where a slave rebellion in the 1790s compelled the French government to issue a broad emancipation decree. “The rise of black abolitionism and global antislavery struggles” explains how a more assertive brand of abolitionism also developed in the United States, as free black communities rebuked American statesmen for allowing racial oppression to prosper, arguing that slavery and segregation violated the American creed of liberty and justice for all. Several European and American nations banned the slave trade in the early 1800s, but slavery proved to be a resilient institution in the 19th century.

Achieving Health Equity Through Eradicating Structural Racism in the United States: A Call to Action for Nursing Leadership

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 696-704
Author(s):  
Deena Nardi ◽  
Roberta Waite ◽  
Marian Nowak ◽  
Barbara Hatcher ◽  
Vicki Hines‐Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nursing Leadership ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Call To Action

Fernandis, Sarah A. Collins

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma Peebles-Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Health Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Disease Clinic ◽  
Social Settlement ◽  
Civic Leader ◽  
The City

Sarah Fernandis (1863–1951) was a civic leader and organizer of public health activities in Black communities. She founded the first black social settlement in the United States. In 1920, she became the first Black social worker employed in the City Venereal Disease Clinic of the Baltimore Health Department.

Sexual Conquest and Patterns of Black-on-Black Violence: A Structural-Cultural Perspective

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Oliver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Cultural Adaptations ◽  
Interpersonal Dynamics ◽  
Criminal Violence ◽  
Type Studies

In this article the structural-cultural perspective is offered as an alternative theoretical model to explain the etiology of specific patterns of black-on-black violence that occur as a result of lower-class black male adherence to norms that emphasize sexual conquest. The theory is a multifactor argument that assumes that there are specific types of black-on-black violence occur because of black exposure to racially induced structural pressures and dysfunctional cultural adaptations to those pressures. Because few studies examine the intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics of black-on-black violence, this discussion of the structural-cultural perspective is grounded on findings and inferences from product (Wolfgang-type) studies of criminal violence and ethnographic accounts of lower-class black communities throughout the United States.

Police Body Cameras and Professional Responsibility: Public Records and Private Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
District Attorneys ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Video Documentation

Abstract:Extensive media coverage has focused attention on the disproportionate frequency and severity of police use of force against black communities in the United States. Video documentation captured by public officials and private citizens aided by the ubiquity of cell phones has made this violence inescapable, enabling conversations of system-wide problems within a mainstream context. Video documentation has been posed as a means of increasing transparency on the part of police and the district attorneys tasked with the decision of whether or not a police shooting requires the indictment of an officer. This documentation is also simultaneously posed as a check against the unmitigated authority of officer testimony, as a financial windfall for companies selling the technology, and as the ultimate exoneration for police officers attempting to justify their decisions in the field. These concurrent rhetorical registers operate in different domains and rarely overlap. The enormous amount of attention that has been focused on body-camera programs belies a techno-utopian impulse, an investment in a technological fix to complex and interlocking historical and socio-political realities. With this attention, funding has followed, pre-existing body-camera programs have been extended, and pilot programs have launched, presenting new challenges for police departments whose resources cannot meet the fiscal demands of a dramatic technological shift in a short period of time. Similarly, policies and laws regarding these devices themselves as well as the footage they capture have been sluggish to coalesce around coherent principles. This paper examines the emergent markets, policies, and laws governing the footage captured by police-worn body cameras in the United States and employs this footage as a way to reckon with complex ethical issues for information professionals.

scholarly journals Developmental Origins of Anti-Black Bias in White US Children: Exposure to and Beliefs about Racial Inequality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rizzo ◽  
Tobias Britton ◽  
Marjorie Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Racial Inequalities

Anti-Black racism remains a pervasive crisis in the United States today. Racist social systems are rooted in prejudicial beliefs that reinforce and perpetuate racial inequalities. These beliefs have their developmental origins in early childhood and are difficult to change once entrenched in adolescence and adulthood. What causes children to form prejudicial beliefs and racial biases—and what steps can be taken to preempt them from forming—remain open questions. Here we show that children’s exposure to and beliefs about racial inequalities predict the formation of anti-Black biases in a sample of 712 White children (4-8 years) living across the United States. Drawing from constructivist theories in developmental science, we outline a novel account of the emergence of racial bias in early childhood: As children observe racial inequalities in the world around them, they develop beliefs about the causal factors underlying those inequalities. Children who believe that inequalities reflect the inherent superiority/inferiority of racial groups develop biases that perpetuate this worldview, whereas those who recognize the extrinsic causes of racial inequalities develop attitudes geared towards rectification. Our results demonstrate the importance of early intervention to disrupt problematic beliefs before they emerge and highlight children’s awareness of structural racism as an important target for anti-racist intervention.

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